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  • 1995-1999  (3)
  • 1990-1994  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    POLICE PRODUCTIVITY AND CRIME RATES: 1973-1992 (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 34 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Notes: According to the Uniform Crime Reports, violent crime rates increased dramatically over the past two decades. National Crime Victimization Survey data, on the other hand, indicate that the rates of violent crime remained relatively stable or dropped during this period. Which series provides a “correct” estimate of crime-rate trends is of more than academic interest. Highly publicized statistics on crime trends influence the public's concerns about crime and the decisions of policymakers both directly through their own perceptions of crime trends and indirectly through demands by the general public to control crime. This article compares these two major series on trends in violent crime rates in the United States for the period 1973–1992, with the goal of assessing the extent to which they measure the same underlying phenomenon: fluctuations in violent crime rates. The series are related (but not strongly). My conclusion, with some reservation, is that changes in law enforcement agencies rather than changes in the rates of violent crime incidents have created the upward trend in UCR violent crime rates during the past two decades.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01202.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of sampling on measures of association between variables based on sample means (1992)
    Springer
    Quality & quantity 26 (1992), S. 409-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7845
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Many studies that involve people's perceptions or behaviors focus on aggregate rather than individual responses. For example, variables describing public perceptions for some set of events may be represented as mean scores for each event. Event mean scores then become the unit of analysis for each variable. The variance of these mean scores for a variable is not only a function of the variation among the events themselves, but is also due to the variation among respondents and their possible responses. This is also the case for the covariances between variables based on event mean scores. In many contexts the variance and covariance components attributable to the sampling of respondents and their responses may be large; these components can be described as measurement error. In this paper we show how to estimate variances and covariances of aggregate variables that are free of these sources of measurement error. We also present a measure of reliability for the event means and examine the effect of the number of respondents on these spurious components. To illustrate how these estimates are computed, forty-two respondents were asked to rate forty events on seven risk perception variables. Computing the variances and covariances for these variables based on event means resulted in relatively large components attributable to measurement error. A demonstration is given of how this error is removed and the resulting effect on our estimates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170452
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalizability coefficients are reliability coefficients (1995)
    Springer
    Quality & quantity 29 (1995), S. 421-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7845
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Generalizability theory explicitly recognizes that multiple sources of error and true score variance exist and that measures may have different reliabilities in different situations. Thus, it enjoys many advantages over classic true score theory; however, it is relatively little used by social science researchers outside of educational psychology. This unfortunate situation has arisen, in part, because researchers do not realize that the coefficients of generalizability, which generalizability theory produces, are reliability coefficients. Labelling these coefficients as reliability coefficients should increase interest in, and the use of, generalizability theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01106066
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring the Convergence/Divergence of “Serious Crime” Arrest Rates for Males and Females: 1960–1995 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of quantitative criminology 15 (1999), S. 97-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7799
    Keywords: convergence hypothesis ; male–female arrest rates ; time series methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Law
    Notes: Abstract It is now almost a quarter of a century since Adler (1975) and Simon (1975)stimulated a debate about the convergence of crime rates for men andwomen. The ensuing debate generated literally dozens of papers. Given theexistence of a series that now extends from 1960 to 1995, this papersuggests an appropriate way to examine the convergence hypothesis usingtime series techniques. These techniques take into consideration the effectsof the following factors: (a) random “shocks” or“innovations,” (b) the potentially lasting effects of suchinnovations, and (c) the autocorrelation that time series oftenexhibit. Using time series techniques on annual data, we examine trends inthe arrest rates for males and females for six Part I crimes (homicide,robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft)for the years 1960 through 1995. We test for convergence, divergence, notrend, and a special condition of equilibrium between series calledcointegration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007518326031
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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