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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman spectrum of hydronium (H3O+) ions in aqueous acids (1982)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 86 (1982), S. 3231-3233 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100213a031
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anti-irritant potential of cosmetic raw materials and formulations (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 5 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The investigation studied the anti-irritant potential of several substances commonly employed in cosmetic formulations as basic components of the emulsion or as active ingredients, and evaluated the effect of the emulsifier. Five different emulsions were made irritating by addition of croton oil, in sufficient quantity to provoke a clearly adverse reaction in the rabbit, i.e. primary cutaneous irritation index (PII) close to 2. The PII was determined according to the official French methods by applying to symmetrical areas of the back, the irritant base as control and the same base containing the test substance. Fifty-five ingredients were evaluated: gelling agents, plant extracts, molecules defined as healing, anti-inflammatory substances or anaesthesic compounds, etc. The test substances were added to the emulsion at concentrations close to the ones generally found in cosmetics. The qualitative and the quantitative composition of the oil phase was similar for each emulsion.Several gelling agents, thickeners and polymers which notably reduce skin contact with an irritant, gave good results. Some of the usual healing, anti-inflammatory, local anaesthesic compounds gave the expected results. Some ingredients, though well known, were ineffective. The type of emulsifier, by modifying cutaneous penetration and bio-availability of the active ingredients, may play an important role. Le potential anti-irritant de constituants de base et compositions cosmétiques
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1983.tb00350.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Safety evaluation of some humectants and moisturizers used in cosmetic formulations (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 4 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Safety tests have been carried out on some humectants and moisturizers, continuing a study involving commonly used cosmetic ingredients (1–6). The test substances (listed in Table I) were products from various suppliers and of different types and grades. The ocular and cutaneous tolerance tests have been conducted on animals following the official French methods but with some complements or modifications (28–36). Each compound has been tested as supplied and diluted in water. Pathological lesions of the ocular mucous membrane were provoked by lactic acid at 20 and 10% concentrations. A slight corneal opacity was also noted with ethoxydiglycol and polyamino sugar condensate and a significant irritation with hexylene glycol (non-diluted). In dilutions of 10 or 20%, these substances were non-irritating. Only one product (lactic acid) has given a moderate primary cutaneous irritation (PII = 2.50), when applied undiluted. The indices obtained with the other raw materials correspond to a non-irritating application.With the exception of lactic acid (the study being terminated after 1 week), no significant adverse reaction was macroscopically and histologically observed after daily application (neat) for 6 weeks.Finally, the predictive sensitizing tests (guinea-pig) carried out with two samples of propylene glycol proved to be negative. Evaluation toxicologique d'agents d'hydratation utilisés en cosmétologie
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1982.tb00301.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Safety evaluation of gums and thickeners used in cosmetic formulations (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 4 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Safety tests have been carried out on gums and thickeners, continuing a study involving commonly used cosmetic ingredients (1, 2, 3, 4). The ocular and cutaneous tolerance tests have been conducted on the rabbit following the official French methods (5, 6) but with some complements or modifications (1, 2, 3, 4, 7). The test substances (listed in Table 1) were products from various suppliers and of different types and grades. None of the fifty samples tested provoked pathological lesions of the ocular mucous membrane; nevertheless, corneal irritation was noted with silicates, silica and bentonite, probably due to mechanical effect, when applied at relatively high concentration. The highest score on the primary cutaneous irritancy test (moderately irritant) was that for the gelled volatile hydrocarbon solvents. The repeated application test was continued for 6 weeks: no significant pathological reaction was observed. Only a slight intolerance was noted with the gels of volatile hydrocarbons and isopropyl myristate, but the irritant reactions were significantly reduced compared to those previously observed with the pure oils (1, 2). Consequently, based on these data, it can be concluded that the use of gums and thickeners involved in this publication presents no hazard for the skin. Evaluation toxicologique d'agents gélifiants et épaississants utilisés en cosmetologie
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1982.tb00300.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of lectins for a comparative study of cell wall composition of different anaerobic rumen fungal strains (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 67 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The technique based on fluorescein-linked lectins used to determined the cell wall structure of anaerobic rumen fungi belonging to genera: Neocallimastix, Piromonas and Sphaeromonas, appears to be an interesting tool for distinguishing between stains. Futhermore this technique shows differences of cell wall composition between different parts of the thallus (spores, sporangia, rhizoïds).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb13853.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polystyrene(1)/poly(butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid)(2) core-shell emulsion polymers. Part I. Synthesis and colloidal characterization (1991)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 269 (1991), S. 812-824 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polystyrene seed ; poly(butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid) shell ; particle mophology ; location of carboxylic groups ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Polystyrene (PS) (1)/Poly(n-butyl acrylate (BA)-methacrylic acid (MAA)) (2) structured particle latexes were prepared by emulsion polymerization using monodisperse polystyrene latex seed (118 nm) and different BA/MAA ratios. Three main aspects have been investigated: i) the polymerization kinetics; ii) the particle morphology as a function of reaction time; iii) the distribution of MAA units between the water phase and the polymer particles. The amount of MAA in the shell copolymer was found to be the main factor controlling the particle shape and morphology. The shape of the structured particles was, generally, non-spherical, and the shape irregularities increased as a particles was, generally, non-spherical, and the shape irregularities increased as a function of reaction time. At the beginning of the second stage reaction, new small particles were observed, which coalesced onto the PS seed as the polymerization proceeded. The distribution of the MAA groups in the latex particles and the serum was analyzed by alkali/back-acid titration, using ionic exchanged latexes. No MAA groups were detected in the latex serum. Due to the lowTg of the BA-MAA copolymers, alkali conductimetric titrations accounted for all the MAA groups on and within the polymer particles. Therefore, for these systems, this method is not only limited to a thin surface layer, as it is often assumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657448
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polystyrene(1)/poly(butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid)(2) core-shell emulsion polymers. Part II: Thermomechanical properties of latex films (1992)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 270 (1992), S. 1208-1221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polystyrene(1)/poly(butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid)(2) ; core-shell ; morphology ; latex films ; phase arrangement ; mechanical properties ; differential thermal analysis ; scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Polystyrene(1)/poly(n-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid)(2) structured latex particles were prepared through a two-stage emulsion polymerization procedure, using a polystyrene (PS) latex seed (118 nm), and differentn-butyl acrylate (BA)/methacrylic acid (MAA) ratios. Polymerization kinetics, particle morphology, and MAA location have already been discussed in the first part of this series. In this second part the thermomechanical behavior of films cast from these latexes was studied. Differential Thermal Analysis and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were employed as characterization techniques for the films. Two polymer phases corresponding to polystyrene and a poly(BA-MAA) copolymer were distinguished. Comparison was made to analogous unfunctionalized PS/PBA systems, as a result of which an effect of MAA upon the phase arrangement in the film was found. Scanning Electron Microscopy of film samples and DMA showed that the evolution of the phase arrangement as a result of annealing was strongly dependent on the type of mechanical and heat treatments being applied to functionalized systems. Finally, the thermomechanical behavior of films was related to the structural features of the corresponding latexes, and computer simulation techniques wer eemployed to establish a mechanistic support for these relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01095062
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis of Saprolegniaceae (Oomycetes) inferred from LSU rDNA and ITS sequence comparisons (2000)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 77 (2000), S. 369-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Achlya ; ITS rDNA ; LSU ; phylogeny ; Saprolegnia ; Saprolegniaceae and taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to improve our knowledge about the taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Saprolegniaceae, a group of water molds including several pathogens of plants, fish and crustacea. ITS and LSU rDNA were sequenced for representatives of forty species corresponding to ten genera (Achlya, Aphanomyces, Brevilegnia, Dictyuchus, Leptolegenia, Plectospira, Pythiopsis, Saprolegnia, Thraustotheca). Phenetic and cladistic analyses were then carried out. The species Brevilegnia bispora does not appear to belong to the family Saprolegniaceae. Plectospira myrianda clusters with Aphanomyces spp. and they constitute an ancestral group. (Thraustotheca clavata is closely related to the eccentric species of the genus Achlya. The genus Achlya appears polyphyletic, corroborating more or less the three known subgroups, defined by their sexual spore type (eccentric, centric and subcentric). The achlyoid type of spore dehiscence, shared by Aphanomyces and Achlya genera, is shown to be an ancestral character. The saprolegnioid, dictyoid and thraustothecoid types of spore dehiscence are derived characters but their relative evolutionary positions are not resolved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002601211295
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate. III. Kinetic studies in the presence of a surface active comonomer, the sodium acrylamido undecanoate (1990)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28 (1990), S. 137-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Emulsion terpolymerization of styrene (S), butylacrylate (BuA) and sodium acrylamido undecanoate (AUNa), a surface active functional monomer have been carried out using a batch process in the presence of sodium 4-4′-azobiscyanopentanoate as initiator. Varying the AUNa concentration, stable particles bearing only carboxylic charges have been produced with diameters ranging from 200 to 500 nm at solids content as high as 40%. However a low AUNa yield at the particle surface has been found (30-35%), which could be explained by very unfavorable reactivity ratios of AUNa with S and BuA. Most of the AUNa seems to be wasted in the water phase (unpolymerized and forming hydrosoluble chains). Furthermore, a concentration of AUNa higher than 10-2 mol L-1 results in the latex destabilization, presumably caused by the formation of a large amount of polyelectrolytes. Kinetic studies of the AUNa consumption show that the AUNa is mainly fixed at the particle surface between 90 and 100% conversion, which indicates that the AUNa is mainly polymerized in the water phase and not at the particle surface. An attempt has been made to increase the surface charge density by polymerizing a shell of AUNa/S/BuA on a seed latex. It turned out to be unsuccessful (low surface yield, formation of new particles).
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1990.080280110
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate. I.Part II of this series has been published in the Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Volume 26, Number 7, 1988 on page 1937. Kinetic studies in the absence of surfactant (1990)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28 (1990), S. 119-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Soapless emulsion copolymerization of styrene (S) and n-butyl acrylate (BuA) has been investigated using two types of initiator and different comonomer feed mixtures. When using K2S2O8 as initiator, the particle size and size distribution of the final latexes (500 nm and 1.003, respectively) is not significantly affected by the comonomer feed composition, whereas the molecular weight and surface characteristics were found to sharply change at high butyl acrylate content. Based on the most probable particle nucleation mechanism and type of chain termination in the monomer swollen particles, a tentative explanation of these results has been proposed. Replacing persulfate by a carboxylic initiator (4-4′-azobiscyanopentanoic acid) results in the formation of stable particles as α observed with the persulfate, provided the aqueous phase pH is fixed in between 6 and 7. Results on the initiator residue location as a function of the conversion point out that the particle flocculation mechanism is strongly significant in the preparation of such latexes.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1990.080280109
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