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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of a cDNA clone from the larval stage ofEchinococcus granulosus with homologies to theE. multilocularis antigen EM10-expressing cDNA clone (1994)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 80 (1994), S. 703-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00932958
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paramyosin ofEchinococcus granulosus: cDNA sequence and characterization of a tegumental antigen (1993)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 79 (1993), S. 660-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A λZAPII cDNA library ofEchinococcus granulosus larvae was expressed inEscherichia coli SURE cells. Screening of the library with a rabbit antiserum raised against total larval antigen yielded several immunoreactive clones. For analysis of the nucleotide sequence, in vivo excision into pBlueskript was carried out and the 3′ end of the cloned insert was sequenced. Three of these clones exhibited identical nucleotide sequences, suggesting expression of identical genes. The complete nucleotide sequence of the largest clone, EG36, with a 3.4-kb insert was determined, presenting an open reading frame of 2.59 kb. The predicted amino acid sequence showed 71.4% identity to theSchistosoma mansoni paramyosin and a significant homology to a 17 amino-acid peptide sequence from antigen B ofTaenia solium. From these data we conclude that EG36 is the paramyosin ofE. granulosus. For protein purification, the coding sequence of the cDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and ligated in frame into the expression vector pGEX-3X. Affinity-chromatography-purified GST fusion protein was used to induce a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. Immunoblot analysis revealed the expression of a 97-kDa protein by theE. coli clone and that of a protein with a similar molecular weight in protoscolices fromE. granulosus andE. multilocularis as well as inE. granulosus cyst fluid. Immunofluorescence studies showed that EG36 was localized throughout the tegument ofE. granulosus andE. multilocularis larvae. Sera from patients suffering from echinococcosis, schistosomiasis, and neurocysticercosis reacted with the purified fusion protein when tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00932508
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Embryonic Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Younger Children: Age-Dependent Decrease During the First Year (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 55 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Poly-α-2,8-N-acetylneuraminic acid (poly-α-2,8-NeuAc) is developmentally expressed in neural tissue of higher animals, where it is covalently attached to the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), a large integral membrane glycoprotein mediating cell-cell adhesion during neuronal development. NCAM exists in several molecular forms, of which only embryonic NCAM carries lengthy chains (n 〉 5) of poly-α-2,8-NeuAc. Chemically identical poly-α-2,8-NeuAc of bacterial origin is an important virulence factor in infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis group B and Escherichia coli K1, the predominant pathogens of bacterial meningitis. A quantitative enzyme-linked immunoassay was developed using monoclonal antibody (MAb) 735, an MAb specifically recognizing poly-α-2,8-NeuAc, and applied to CSF specimens from younger children. Poly-α-2,8-NeuAc contents were within the range of 20-0.2 μg/ml, decreasing from day 1 to day 300. Immunoprecipitation, immunoblot with a rabbit anti-mouse NCAM serum recognizing the protein part of human NCAM by cross-reactivity, affinity enrichment using immobilized MAb 735, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that poly-α-2,8-NeuAc in CSF is bound to human NCAM, probably NCAM-120.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb05796.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid blister formation in human skin with ammonium hydroxide (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 96 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The topical application to human skin of a 1:1 aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide in a well drilled into a plastic block will provoke an infra-epidermal blister in an average time of about 13 min.The blister roof can be used for physico-chemical analyses of the horny layer while the base is suitable for studies of wound healing, bacterial infections, etc.The minimal blistering time (MBT) increases directly as the number of cell layers of the stratum corneum and ranges from 3 to 57 min in different regions and persons. The intensity of the dermatitis provoked by a 24 h exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate is strongly correlated with the MBT. The latter is therefore a reliable measure of cutaneous irritability.The blisters are virtually painless. The inflammatory reaction clinically and histologically is slight. Healing is rapid without scarring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1977.tb07148.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The “Double-Coller” Technique For EEG Electrode Preparation and Placement (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 12 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: For accurate and reliable EEG recording. electrode resistances must be kept relatively low and constant. To ensure that these conditions are met, a fixing agent, collodian, is usually used to fix the electrodes firmly to the scalp. Collodian, however, produces many unwanted side effects. A “double-cllar” method of electrode placement is described whereby electrodes may be firmly fixed to the scalp without the use of collodian. This technique is both faster and less troublesome than the use of collodian. Using this technique, electrode resistances at vertex and occiput were well below generally acceptable criteria (averaging under 5000 ohms) and there was no significant increase in resistance at either placement following nearly 2 hrs of continuous EEG recordings. It is concluded that, under certain laboratory conditions, the “double-collar” method of electrode preparation and placement is superior to the use of collodian.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00031.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of skin barrier creams (IV). The repetitive irritation test (RIT) with a set of 4 standard irritants (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 31 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An improved human model for the quantification of skin barrier creams (BCs) is described. In contrast to the previously published procedure, the back, instead of the forearm, and a total of 4 irritants are used. Due to the larger area, 3 BC formulations can be simultaneously compared to the control field, which receives the irritant only, without BC-pretreatment. On 10 human volunteers, the irritants 10% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), 1% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 30% lactic acid (LA) and undiluted toluene (TOL) were applied via large Finn Chambers for 30 min, 5 × during the 1st week and 4 × during the 2nd week. Taktosan Salbe (water-in-oil emulsion) and RAWI Speerschutzcreme (oil-in-water emulsion) were applied 30 min before contact with the irritants. In order to asses reproducibility and interindividual variation, the BC RAWI was tested in duplicate. Irritant cutaneous reactions were quantified by 4 parameters: erythema score, transepidermal water loss, blood flow volume and stratum corneum hydration by measuring capacitance. The results showed marked differences in efficacy. Taktosan significantly suppressed irritation by SLS, NaOH and LA, which was apparent in nearly all parameters. RAWI caused significant inhibition of SLS irritation, and a positive trend against NaOH and LA was observed. Both BCs failed against TOL. The results of duplicate testing with RAWI showed good reproducibility. The dogma that oil-in-water emulsions are primarily effective against lipophilic irritants, and water-in-oil emulsions against hydrophilic irritants, needs to be re-evaluated on the basis of our findings. This model seems to have potential for further studies on BCs and might elucidate the complex interaction of BCs with irritants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1994.tb01957.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of skin barrier creams (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 29 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 2 barrier creams (BC) were evaluated against the anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) using a new human test model. In the repetitive irritation test (RIT) on human skin, the irritant SLS is applied to the ventral forearm of Healthy volunteers daily for 2 weeks. 1%, 5%, and 10% SLS is exposed to the skin for 30 min. using a glass cup 2.5 cm in diameter. The BC is applied 30 min before the irritant. Cutaneous irritation is assessed on a score for erythema (0 to 5+), and quantified by various biophysical techniques: transepidermal water loss (TEWL) by evaporimetry, skin blood flow volume (BFV) by laser-Doppler velocimetry, and -skill colour bi colorimetry (La* value). 10 subjects were tested with SLS on one forearm without pretreatment (control) and with Taktosan Salbe as BC on the other forearm. A 2nd panel of 10 subjects was tested in the same way with SLS and Marly skin as BC. Taktosan Salbe was extremely effective in reducing the irritation by SLS: there were significant differences regarding all lest parameters for 10% SLS in the 2nd week. The most differentiating parameter was TEWL, revealing statistical differences as early as the 1st week for 10%. SLS and Taktosan Salbe, while the least differentiating sensitivity was found for La*. In contrast, there was no significant suppression of irritancy in any parameter with Marly skin, either in the 1st week or in the 2nd week with any concentration of SLS. The results show the differentiating potential of the model developed. Results obtained with the previously described animal model are confirmed- Noninvasive biophysical techniques, particularly TEWL measurements, might be extremely valuable in identifying new active ingredients of BC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03507.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of skin barrier creams (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 29 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A popular “skin protector” consisting of an emulsion-like foam of lipophilic and hydrophilic substances (Marly skin®) was evaluated in a previously described repetitive irritation guinea pig model, The product failed to inhibit the irritation due 10 sodium lauryl sulphate and toluene. In striking contrast to the recommended use, the irritant response of sodium hydroxide was aggravated, as demonstrated by significant differences for all test parameters (clinical score for erythema and scaling, transepidermal water loss, blood How volume). The results show that protection against chemical irritants may be quite specific and that some formulations may actually be harmful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03486.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chamber-scarification test for irritancy (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 2 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A procedure has been designed (the chamber-scarification test), which possesses greatly increased sensitivity for assessing the irritancy of topically applied materials. A forearm test site is criss-cross scarified by drawing a 30-gauge needle over the skin with just enough pressure to cleave the epidermis without drawing blood. The test agent is applied in an aluminum chamber once daily for 3 days.The advantages of the method over conventional patch testing are: enhanced capacity to measure mild irritants, reduced time (3 days versus 10 to 21 days), less effort, less cost, less discombort for the volunteers and greater reproducibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1976.tb03068.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Duhring chamber (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 5 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: For assessing skin reactions in irritants and allergens, chambers which confine the test substance to the site of application are much superior to conventional patch tests. Because the concentration and volume do not change appreciably, the method allows for quantification and yields more reproducible results.A new aluminum chamber has been designed which is more useful than its predecessor, the Finn chamber, mainly because of its increased capacity. Data are given to show that the intensity of irritant and allergic reactions is dependent on the quantities applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1979.tb04802.x
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