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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 5 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Alcaligenes eutrophus genes for β-ketothiolase, NADPH-dependent acetoacetyl-CoA reductase and poly(β-hydroxybutyric acid) synthase (PHB synthase) which comprise the three-step PHB-biosynthetic pathway, were cloned. Molecular studies revealed that these genes are organized in a single operon. The A. eutrophus PHB-biosynthetic genes are readily expressed in other bacteria, and DNA fragments harbouring the operon can be used as a cartridge to confer to other bacteria the ability to synthesize PHB from acetyl-CoA. The biochemical and physiological capabilities of A. eutrophus for the synthesis of a wide variety of polyhydroxyalkanoates are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 26 (1970), S. 554-555 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mutanten eines Bodenbakteriums (Hydrogenomonas H 16), welche Poly-β-hydroxybuttersäure-Granula nicht zu synthetisieren und anzuhäufen vermögen, wurden isoliert. Anreicherungs- und Selektionsverfahren zur Isolierung solcher Mutanten werden beschrieben und die physiologischen Eigenschaften der isolierten Mutanten charakterisiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 79 (1971), S. 204-219 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Rohextrakte und teilweise gereinigte Enzympräparate aus Hydrogenomonas eutropha Stamm H 16 wurden auf die Enzyme der Carboxylierung von Pyruvat und Phosphoenolpyruvat geprüft. Zur Bestimmung der Enzymaktivitäten wurden radiometrische Methoden unter Verwendung von 14C-Bicarbonat angewandt, da optische Tests auf Grund hoher Aktivitäten von NADH-Oxydase zu unbefriedigenden Ergebnissen führten. 2. Die Geschwindigkeiten der CO2-Fixierung in den verschiedenen experimentellen Ansätzen sind vom Wachstumssubstrat der Zellen (Fructose, Lactat, Succinat und Wasserstoff + Kohlendioxyd) abhängig. 3. Die Aktivitäten der Phosphoenolpyruvat-Carboxykinase und Phosphoenolpyruvat-Carboxylase sind hoch. Die Aktivität des letztgenannten Enzyms ließ sich durch Zusatz von Acetyl-Coenzym A auf das 4–5 fache erhöhen. 4. Das Vorhandensein einer biotin-abhängigen Pyruvat-Carboxylase ließ sich ausschließen; unter den angewandten experimentellen Bedingungen wurde das Enzym in Extrakten aus Hefe ohne Schwierigkeit nachgewiesen. 5. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die bisher an autotrophen Mikroorgnismen durchgeführten Untersuchungen dieses Stoffwechselzweigs diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. Crude extracts and partially purified enzyme preparations obtained from Hydrogenomonas eutropha strain H 16 have been tested for enzymes carboxylating pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate. Radiometric methods employing 14C-bicarbonate have been used for the determination of enzyme activities; due to the presence of high activities of NADH oxidase coupled optical tests were unsatisfactory. 2. The rates of carbon dioxide fixation are dependent on the growth substrate of the cells (fructose, lactate, succinate, and hydrogen + carbon dioxide). 3. The activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase are high. By acetyl coenzyme A the latter enzyme was stimulated by a factor of four or five. 4. The presence of a biotin dependent pyruvate carboxylase could be excluded, while under the same experimental conditions this enzyme could be determined in yeast. 5. The results are discussed with respect to similar investigations in other autotrophic microorganisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 79 (1971), S. 220-230 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zellfreie Extrakte aus Hydrogenomonas eutropha Stamm H 16 katalysieren die Biosynthese von Phosphoenolpyruvat aus Pyruvat und Adenosintriphosphat. Unter identischen Bedingungen erfolgte diese Synthese auch durch Extrakte aus Escherichia coli. Das Reaktionsprodukt Phosphoenolpyruvat wurde durch Papierchromatographie, durch Anwendung von radioaktivem Pyruvat und durch einen gekoppelten enzymatischen Test unter Einsatz eines gereinigten Präparates von 3-Desoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonsäure-7-phosphat Synthase, AMP wurde als zweites Produkt der PEP-Synthasereaktion nachgewiesen. Die Versuchsergebnisse lassen darauf schließen, daß der Stamm H 16 über ein Enzym verfügt, welches Pyruvat direkt phosphoryliert.
    Notes: Summary Crude extracts from Hydrogenomonas eutropha strain H 16 catalyze the biosynthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate from pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate. Under identical conditions extracts from Escherichia coli synthesized phosphoenol-pyruvate from pyruvate also. The reaction product phosphoenolpyruvate has been identified by paper chromatography, by employing radioactive pyruvate and by a coupled enzyme assay, using a purified preparation of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulonic acid-7-phosphate synthase. AMP has been found as the second product of the PEP-synthase reaction. From these results it is concluded that strain H 16 contains an enzyme phosphorylating pyruvate directly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 83 (1972), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Tyrosinbedarf von tyrosinbedürftigen Mutanten von Hydrogenomonas eutropha (Alcaligenes eutrophus) Stamm H 16 (ATCC 17699) läßt sich außer durch l-Tyrosin auch durch l-Phenylalanin befriedigen. Suspensionen intakter Wildtypzellen setzen Phenylalanin zu Tyrosin um und scheiden es in die Nährlösung aus. Da Tyrosin mit etwa der gleichen Rate umgesetzt wird, kommt es zu einer nur vorübergehenden Akkumulation. Durch zellfreie Extrakte wird Phenylalanin in Gegenwart von NAD(P)H2 und Sauerstoff unter Bildung von Tyrosin hydroxyliert. Die Anfangsrate beträgt 20 E/g Protein. Tyrosin wird mit etwa der gleichen Rate abgebaut. Im Rohextrakt kommt es nach einer anfänglichen Akkumulation von Tyrosin (2–3 mM) zur Einstellung einer steady state-Konzentration, die unter 1 mM liegt. Die Phenylalanin-Hydroxylase benötigt außer den genannten Komponenten noch wenigstens einen dialysierbaren, durch Chromatographie an Sephadex-G 25 abtrennbaren Cofaktor. Phenylalanin-Hydroxylase wird in Stamm H 16 durch l-Phenylalanin induziert, nicht durch l-Tyrosin, Phenylpyruvat, Hydroxyphenylpyruvat oder l-Tryptophan. Phenylalanin wirkt nur induzierend, wenn es der Nährlösung in Substratkonzentrationen (0,2%) beigefügt wird, nicht hingegen in Supplinkonzentrationen (20 μg/ml). Phenylalanin-Hydroxylase ließ sich nur in den Stämmen nachweisen, die auf Phenylalanin als C- und Energiequelle wachsen (Hydrogenomonas eutropha H 16, Pseudomonas facilis, Stamm 12 X), nicht in einigen anderen geprüften Stämmen.
    Notes: Summary The tyrosine requirement of tyrosine-dependent mutants of Hydrogenomonas eutropha (Alcaligenes eutrophus) strain H 16 (ATCC 17699) can be satisfied by l-tyrosine as well as by l-phenylalanine. Tyrosine is formed from l-phenylalanine by suspensions of intact wild type cells and is excreted into the medium. It is only transiently accumulated in the medium since it is further metabolized by the cells at a rate comparable to that of phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine by cell-free extracts in the presence of NAD(P)H2 and oxygen; the initial rate of tyrosine formation is 20 units per g protein. Tyrosine is degraded at an approximately equal rate. After the addition of l-phenylalanine to the crude extract tyrosine is formed and accumulated up to a 2–3 mM concentration and reaches a steady state concentration of less than 1 mM tyrosine. In addition to the components mentioned, the phenylalanine hydroxylase reaction requires at least one dialysable cofactor which has been separated by chromatography on sephadex-G 25. In strain H 16 phenylalanine hydroxylase is induced by l-phenylalanine; it is not induced by l-tyrosine, phenylpyruvate, hydroxyphenylpyruvate or l-tryptophan. Induction occurs only when phenylalanine is added to the growth medium in substrate concentrations (e.g. 0.2%); growth factor concentrations (20 μg/ml) are not effective. Phenylalanine hydroxylase has been found only in those strains which are able to utilize phenylalanine as a carbon and energy source for growth: H. eutropha H 16, Pseudomonas facilis, strain 12X.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 85 (1972), S. 142-152 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. During a selection program aiming at obtaining obligate autotrophic mutants 49 carbon dioxide requiring mutants of Hydrogenomonas eutropha strain H 16 have been isolated. Growth on solid media containing organic substrates depends on an increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Mutant strain 25/1 has been studied more intensively. 2. Neither complex media nor growth factors and primary metabolites compensate for the defect of the mutant; it is an “obligate CO2 mutant”. 3. The saturating CO2-concentration depends on the nature of the substrate. The maximal growth rate is reached on lactate or pyruvate at more than 10% CO2, on fructose or under autotrophic conditions (H2+O2+CO2) at 5% CO2, and with acetate and succinate at 2.0 to 2.5% CO2. 4. If the mutant cannot grow due to low CO2-concentrations, it synthesizes and accumulates poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, heterotrophically as well as autotrophically. The CO2-saturation curve for autotrophic 14CO2-fixation is identical for the wild type and the mutant. The analogous curve for heterotrophic (fructose) 14CO2-fixation reaches saturating concentrations at 0.5% CO2 for the wild type and 5.0% CO2 for the mutant. Therefore, primary CO2-fixation as well as substrate degradation and storage material synthesis are obviously not affected by the mutation. 5. The possible localization of the CO2-defect is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 88 (1973), S. 299-318 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A new hydrogen bacterium has been isolated by enrichment culture on propane. It is a strictly aerobic, Gram-positive, non acid-fast bacterium, characterized by filamentous growth, and has been tentatively assigned to Nocardia opaca (strain 1 b). It grows heterotrophically, on many organic compounds (71 out of 138 tested substrates including organic acids and sugars), on hydrocarbons (C11−C18) as well as under autotrophic conditions (under an atmosphere of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide=8:1:1) In the absence of a nitrogen source storage materials, mainly carbohydrates, are accumulated. Hydrogenase is an inducible enzyme. Under appropriate growth conditions the specific hydrogenase activity reaches high values: 2700 enzyme units/g cell protein. The formation of hydrogenase is repressed by fructose. With increasing oxygen concentrations during growth the specific hydrogenase activity decreases. In resting cell oxygen progressively inhibits the oxyhydrogen reaction. Cell-free extracts of autotrophically grown cells are able to reduce oxygen benzyl-and methyl viologen, dichlorphenolindophenol, methylene blue and nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide with hydrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 88 (1973), S. 319-330 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Nocardia opaca strain 1b the key enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase, are inducible, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase are constitutively formed. In autotrophically grown cells the fructose diphosphate aldolase has six-fold specific activity compared to fructose- or gluconate-grown cells. Molecular hydrogen represses the adaptation to fructose, glucose, or gluconate and inhibits the utilization of glucose or fructose. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been purified 22fold. It utilizes either NADP of NAD as coenzyme; it requires magnesium ions for maximal activity. The dehydrogenation reaction is competitively inhibited by rather high concentrations (2–6 mM) of ATP, and in a similar fashion by phosphoenolpyruvate. Homotropic or heterotropic interactions between substrate molecules were not detected. The effect of ATP is relieved by equimolar concentrations of magnesium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 97 (1974), S. 359-362 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hydrogen-Bacteria ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Acetylene Reduction ; Coryneform Bacteria Strains 14g and 7C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Gram-positive coryneform bacteria strains 14g and 7C were found to be able to grow with N2 as sole nitrogen source when incubated under microaerobic conditions. Nitrogenase activity in whole cells was assayed by acetylene reduction. High rates of ethylene production (50–120 nmole/hxmg cell protein) were observed in N2 or glutamate grown cell suspensions shaken in an atmosphere of 2.5% O2, 10% acetylene and 87.5% argon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hydrogenomonas eutropha H 16 ; Growth on 2-Ketogluconate ; 2-Ketogluconate Kinase ; 2-Keto-6-phosphogluconate Reductase ; Low Cooperative ; Homotropic Effects ; Hydrogen Bacterium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During growth ofHydrogenomonas eutropha H 16 on 2-ketogluconate, 2-ketogluconate kinase and 2-keto-6-phosphogluconate reductase were formed. These enzymes were absent from cells grown on fructose, gluconate, acetate, succinate or autotrophically. There was no evidence for extracellular oxidation of glucose, fructose or gluconate with the formation of ketogluconic acids. The utilization of 2-ketogluconate is neither subject to catabolite inhibition by hydrogen nor is 2-keto-6-phosphogluconate reductase inhibited by ATP, ADP or phosphoenolpyruvate. The enzyme is characterized by a high affinity for its substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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