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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alleviating soil fertility constraints to increased crop production in West Africa: The experience in the Sahel (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 95-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Semi-arid West Africa ; Sahel ; soil fertility ; fertilizers ; on-farm evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lack of moisture limits crop production in semi-arid west Africa but poor soil fertility is a more serious constraint in the long run. Work done by IFDC and ICRISAT showed that phosphorus is the most limiting nutrient although response by millet to nitrogen when moisture and P are non-limiting can be substantial. A summary of the results of field trials in Niger showed that the sufficiency level for P estimated by regression analysis on the basis of Bray 1 extractable P is 7.9µg P/g of soil for 90% of maximum yield of millet. Application of 15–20 kg P/ha was usually adequate for optimum yields. Matam phosphate rock (PR) from Senegal, Tilemsi PR from Mali and Tahoua PR from Niger which are medium reactive were found to be suitable for direct application while partial acidulation (50% with sulfuric acid) of the less reactive phosphate rocks resulted in products with similar agronomic effectiveness as commercial superphosphates. Tests conducted by farmers showed that millet yields can be increased by more than 250% by the use of fertilizers. The need for constant monitoring of the crop needs for sulfur and potassium under continuous cultivation was highlighted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048992
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of manures and crop residue in alleviating soil fertility constraints to crop production: With special reference to the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of West Africa (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Manures ; crop residue ; west African semi-arid tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the West African semi-arid tropics (WASAT), continuous cultivation leads to drastically reduced levels of soil organic matter. Such reductions in the level of soil organic matter have resulted in decreased soil productivity. The addition of organic materials either in the form of manures or crop residue has beneficial effects on the soils' chemical and physical properties. For many of the countries in this region, the amounts of nutrients in crops and crop residue are often several orders of magnitude higher than the quantity of the same nutrients applied as fertilizers. The return of the crop residue for soil fertility improvement cannot be overstressed. It is essential that more information on the rates of organic matter decomposition as well as the many reactions between products of organic matter decomposition and the soil under WASAT conditions be made available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048993
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and molybdenum application on growth and symbiotic N2-fixation of groundnut in an acid sandy soil in Niger (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Molybdenum availability ; symbiotic N2-fixation ; Arachis hypogaea ; acetylene reduction assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted in 1988 and 1989 on an acid sandy soil in Niger, West Africa, to assess the effect of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and micronutrient (MN) application on growth and symbiotic N2-fixation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Phosphorus fertilizer (16 kg P ha−1) did not affect pod yields. Addition of MN fertilizer (100 kg ‘Fetrilon Combi 1’ ha−1; P + MN) containing 0.1% molybdenum (Mo) increased pod yield by 37–86%. Nitrogen concentration in shoots at mid pod filling (72 days after planting) were higher in P + MN than in P − MN fertilizer treatment. Total N uptake increased from 53 (only P) to 108 kg N ha−1 by additional MN application. Seed pelleting (P + MoSP) with 100 g Mo ha−1 (MoO3) increased nitrogenase activity (NA) by a factor of 2–4 compared to P treatment only. The increase in NA was mainly due to increase in nodule dry weight and to a lesser extent to increase in specific nitrogenase activity (SNA) per unit nodule dry weight. The higher NA of the P + MoSP treatment was associated with a higher total N uptake (55%) and pod yield (24%). Compared to P + MoSP or P + MN treatments application of N by mineral fertilizer (60 kg N ha−1) or farmyard manure (130 kg N ha−1) increased only yield of shoot dry matter but not pod dry matter. Plants supplied with N decreased soil water content more and were less drought tolerant than plants supplied with Mo. The data suggest that on the acid sandy soils in Niger N deficiency was a major constraint for groundnut production, and Mo availability in soils was insufficient to meet the Mo requirement for symbiotic N2-fixation of groundnut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064229
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of phosphorus on yield of cowpea cultivars intercropped with pearl millet on Psammentic paleustalf in Niger (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 143-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Vigna unguiculata ; P response ; Pennisetum glaucum ; Sahel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (P) is the most limiting soil nutrient in the sandy soils of Niger and farmers rarely use chemical fertilizers in producing pearl millet and cowpea. A 3-yr study was conducted in farmer's fields at two locations in South Western Niger to investigate yield response of six cowpea cultivars to applied P-fertilizer (0, 8, 16 kg ha−1) when intercropped with millet. Significant yield differences were found between cultivars for their seed and dry fodder yield at all rates of applied P. Cultivars responded differently to the application of P. Millet grain was more than doubled with the addition of 8 to 16 kg P ha−1. Cowpea cultivars did not have significant differential effect on millet yields. Cowpea cultivars differed significantly in the accumulation of P in fodder with the highest yielding cultivars taking up more P than the low yielding ones. The results have important implications for breeding and selection of cowpea cultivars that are adapted to a range of fertility levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048776
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of crop residue and fertilizer use on pearl millet yields in Niger (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nutrient recycling ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted over a 4-year period in Niger, West Africa, to determine the effects of crop residue (CR), fertilizer, or a combination of crop residue and fertilizer (CRF) on yields of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.). Despite a decline in yields of control plots (initial yields were 280 kg grain ha−1 declining to 75 kg grain ha−1 over 4 years), yields of fertilizer plots were maintained at 800–1,000 kg grain ha−1. Continued application of CR slowly augmented yields to levels similar to those of the fertilized plots. The effects of CR and fertilizer were approximately additive in the CRF plots. Addition of CR and fertilizer increased soil water use over the control by 57 mm to 268 mm in an average season and helped trap wind-blown soil. These plots tended to exhibit slightly higher soil pH and lower Al saturation than did the fertilized treatments. Return of CR to the soil resulted in significantly reduced export of most plant nutrients, especially Ca, Mg, and K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750571
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An economic evaluation of a long-term experiment on phosphorus and manure amendments to sandy Sahelian soils: Using a stochastic dominance model (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 33 (1992), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: manure ; Niger ; phosphorus ; Sahelian soils ; stochastic dominance framework
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poor fertility status of sandy Sahelian soils represents a major constraint to cereal and legume production. Soil amendment options were evaluated, using a stochastic efficiency framework. Dominance analyses showed that in the presence of annual applications of 30 kg N ha−1 and 30 kg K ha−1, efficient soil amendment options comprise of either the annual application of 8.7 kg P ha−1 in the form of single superphosphates in combination with 5 tonnes manure ha−1 applied every three years or the annual application of 17.5 kg P ha−1 in the form of single superphosphates. Choice between these two efficient options depends on the availability of manure, deficiencies in sandy soils and farmer resource endowments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050874
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of liming and carbofuran on groundnut yield in sandy soils in Niger (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 33 (1992), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Al ; Arachis hypogaea ; carbofuran ; lime ; nematodes ; pH ; yields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One of the constraints to groundnut production in sandy soils of Niger is crop growth variability. In early 1989, a trial on the effect of lime and carbofuran on soil pH, Al toxicity, nematode population and groundnut yield was initiated to study crop growth variability. Groundnut was sown in the 1989 rainy season, followed by pearl millet (Pennisatum glaucum) in the 1989–90 dry season and again groundnut in the 1990–91 rainy, and dry seasons. In 1989 the carbofuran treatment increased the pod yield. Lime application did not change the pH and exchangeable Al+++ contents in the soil and did not increase groundnut yield. In the 1990–91 rainy and dry season, however, the application of 10 t ha−1 of lime increased pH, decreased exchangeable Al+++, improved crop growth and increased the yield of groundnut to the same level as was achieved by the carbofuran treatment. Application of lime did not affect the nematode population, which were reduced by the carbofuran.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050875
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate and efficiency of N fertilizers applied to pearl millet in Niger (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 221-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) ; 15N ; urea ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field studies were conducted in Niger using 15N-labeled fertilizers to assess the fate and efficiency of fertilizer N in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R.Br.) production. Total plant uptake of fertilizer N was low in all cases (20%–37%), and losses were severe (25%–53%). The majority of N remaining in the soil was found in the 0- to 15-cm layer though some enrichment at lower depths was found when the N fertilizer was calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN). In a comparison of urea placement methods (band, broadcast, or point placement), no significant differences in 15N uptake or yield were noted though point placement did exacerbate 15N loss. The mechanism of N loss is believed to have been ammonia volatilization. Yields were similar whether urea or CAN was used, but 15N uptake from CAN was higher. A statistical model was developed relating millet yield and N response to midseason rainfall. In drought years, no N response was found, whereas in years of good rainfall a response was found of 15 kg grain for each kilogram of N applied (at 30 kg N ha-1 rate).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010660
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long- and short-term effects of crop residues on aluminum toxicity, phosphorus availability and growth of pearl millet in an acid sandy soil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Al complexation ; Al tolerance ; crop residues ; Pennisetum glaucum ; P mobilization ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a long-term field experiment millet straw application (+CR) increased soil pH and base saturation and strongly improved pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) growth on acid sandy soils. Aluminum (Al) toxicity may be responsible for poor millet growth in plots without crop residues (−CR). Laboratory experiments were conducted to verify this assumption. The concentrations of labile Al (8-hydroxyquinoline, 15 sec) in equilibrium soil solutions of top soil samples from field plots were 14.0 and 0.6 μM in unfertilized samples of −CR and +CR soil, respectively. The corresponding values for labile Al in fertilized (NPK) samples were 51.8 and 11.0 μM, respectively. A short-term (14 days) incubation of −CR soil with ground millet straw (0.1% w/w) increased soil solution pH and decreased total and labile Al in the soil solution by more than 44%. In a water-culture experiment with increasing concentrations of Al (0–60 μM) pearl millet proved to be very Al-tolerant compared to cowpea, peanut and soybean. A short-term (12 days) pot experiment with the incubated soil showed that root growth of pearl millet is not restricted by Al toxicity in the acid soils from Niger, but that after millet straw incubation root growth is considerably enhanced. Phosphorus (P) concentration in the soil solution was about three times higher in +CR (1.75 μM) than in −CR (0.52 μM) top soil. Since P is the most growth-limiting nutrient in those soils, the beneficial effect of crop residues on pearl millet is likely due to improvement of P nutrition by both increase in P mobility in the soil and enhancement of root growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02150052
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of soil tillage and fertilizer use on pearl millet yields in Niger (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: millet ; Niger ; partially acidulated phosphate rock ; phosphorus placement ; phosphate rock ; tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farmers in Niger generally do not plow their fields and are therefore unable to incorporate phosphate. Experiments were conducted in Niger to assess the effect of soil tillage, P source, and fertilizer placement on yields of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.). Treatments included single superphosphate (SSP) or ground Tahoua phosphate rock (PRT) incorporated into the soil during tillage or SSP surface applied after tillage. In plots which were not tilled, P sources (SSP, PRT, and PAPR-partially acidulated rock) were broadcast on the soil surface with no incorporation. In order to improve P efficiency under zero tillage, P was point placed in the soil near the plant with either broadcast or point-placed urea. Treatments in which tillage was used showed a slight though nonsignificant yield increase over untilled plots. The yield increase did not appear to be due to phosphate incorporation but rather to direct tillage effects on early plant growth. In a comparison of SSP with PRT or PAPR broadcast on soils not receiving tillage, PRT performed poorly relative to the other P sources. SSP outyielded PAPR and PRT in 1986, but in subsequent years, no significant difference was found between PAPR and SSP. Point placement of P or N near the plant did not significantly increase yields over broadcast treatments even though the millet was planted with wide 1×1 m spacing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009925
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