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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Change in N fractions during composting of wheat straw (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Straw compost ; N fractions ; Amino acids ; Amino sugars ; Viable counts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The composting process found in real compost heaps was simulated in the laboratory with three treatments, nil, and urea, and cyanamide additions. Total N was separated into hydrolysable, amino acid, and amino sugar N. These fractions were related to counts of viable bacteria and spore-forming bacteria. The content of amino acid N and amino sugar N increased in all three treatments. The ratios of amino acid to amino sugar C and glucosamine to galactosamine decreased in all three treatments during composting of wheat straw. The increased contents of the N components were all significantly correlated with the number of spore-forming bacteria but not with viable bacterial counts. The closest correlation was found between spores and galactosamine. Amounts equivalent to 74% (urea treatment) or 48% (cyanamide treatment) of the added N were lost, mainly in the period after the maximum temperature was passed. The increased amounts of amino acid and amino sugar N accounted for 89% (urea treatment) and 68% (cyanamide treatment) of the added N remaining in compost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369303
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organic matter and nutrient dynamics of the litter layer on a forest Rendzina under beech (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 11 (1991), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Litter decomposition ; Litter bag experiment ; Macrofaunal effects ; Organic matter turnover ; Nutrient dynamics ; Hexosamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The decomposition of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaf litter was investigated in a calcareous beech forest using mesh cages containing two layers, fresh leaf litter (O layer), and partly decomposed leaf litter (F layer). C loss was monitored, together with the changes in the contents of total N, hexosamines, ash, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Al, Cl, Sulphate, and Phosphate. In 1-mm mesh cages, which excluded access to the macrofauna, the mean annual loss rates for C were 28% in the O leaf litter and 17% in the F leaf litter, totalling approximately 23% for the two layers. The mean loss rates from the 12-mm mesh cages were 54% in the O leaf litter and 58% in the F leaf litter. Degradation processes and feeding activities caused increased contents of ash, total N, and hexosamines in the O layer of both treatments. This increase was greater for the ash and smaller for N, glucosamine, and galactosamine in the 12-mm mesh cages. The sum of ions (Na+K+Mg+Ca+Fe+Mn+Al+Cl+SO4+PO4) and also the contents of most single ions were not markedly affected, despite the much higher ash content in the O leaf litter of the 12-mm mesh cages. The ash content increased mainly as a consequence of contamination by soil, which increased the contents of Fe and Al in the ash.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335762
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of mesofauna exclusion on the microbial biomass in two moder profiles (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1992), S. 253-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mesofauna ; Microbial biomass ; Litterbag ; Beech forest ; Moder ; Lime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In December 1988, litterbags (mesh size 45 or 1000 μm) were exposed in the organic layer of a limed and unlimed moder soil under beech forest in the Solling area (Germany). At both sites, substrata from the L1, L2, F1, F2 and from the H Layer were sampled shortly before the beginning of the experiment, defaunated, filled separately into litterbags and replaced in the respective horizons in the field. Litterbags were retrieved on three sampling dates (May, September, and November 1989). The soil microbial biomass was estimated by means of the fumigation extraction method. The results show that the effects of excluding mesofauna from the 45-μm litterbags were different in different horizons, on different sampling dates and in different study sites. Calculation of the “average” effect from the three sampling dates revealed that mesofauna exclusion reduced the microbial biomass C at both sites. It was concluded from horizon- and season-specific differences between the two litterbag treatments that a depression in microbial biomass C in the organic layer of a moder soil by mesofaunal grazers is confined to situations where environmental conditions cause strong feeding pressure and when the microflora is exposed to environmental stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336040
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hexosamines in the organic layer of two beech forest soils: effects of mesofauna exclusion (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 301-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mesofauna ; Amino sugar ; Soil micro-flora ; Beech forest ; Moder ; Lime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In December 1988, litter bags (mesh size: 45 and 1000 μm) were exposed in the organic layer of unlimed and limed moder soil under beech forest in the Solling area of Germany. Bags were retrieved on three sampling dates (May, September, and November 1989) and amounts (g m-2) of glucosamine and galactosamine were determined. Horizon-specific differences generally explained by far the largest part of the treatment variance. In the substrate sampled in December 1988 from the unlimed area glucosamine increased by a factor of 11.8 from the L 1 layer to the H layer and galactosamine by a factor of 15.9. With the exception of the F2 layer, the hexosamine amounts found in the limed substrate sampled in December 1988 were higher in all horizons than in the corresponding horizons sampled from the unlimed area. Exclusion of mesofauna from the 45-μm litter bags generally reduced the level of amino sugars at both sites. The difference between the two mesh sizes was most pronounced in the lowermost horizons (F2 and H) and quite small in the upper horizons. The exclusion of mesofauna significantly increased the glucosamine: galactosamine ratio in the two L layers of the unlimed soil on all sampling dates. Seasonal fluctuations suggested that the actual amino sugar content of the organic layer was essentially the function of two components, the first reflecting long-term accumulation of microbial metabo-lites, and the second reflecting short term fluctuations in the microbial colonization of various C sources together with spatial and temporal differences in the ability of the microflora to produce and to decompose hexosamines. The results of this study show that the mesofauna in the beech forest soils investigated significantly affected both the amino sugar components measured, and thus stimulated the accumulation of one of the most important N pools in forest soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337217
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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