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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: clinical pharmacology ; European Medical Schools ; teaching ; organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A World Health Organisation (European Regional Office) working party has been established to review the progress of clinical pharmacology in European countries. As part of this review a questionnaire on the teaching of chlinical pharmacology was sent to the Deans of all 350 medical schools in the region. Very few replies were received from U.S.S.R., Greece and Portugal and these countries' returns were not analysed further. The overall compliance rate (excluding these countries) was 82% with a figure of 84% from Western Europe and 74% from Eastern Europe. An average time of 96 h (range 0–320) was devoted to pharmacology teaching in the medical curriculum in Western Europe with 124 (0–240) h in Eastern Europe. In contrast 28 h (0–210) was devoted to clinical pharmacology teaching in Western Europe and 27 h (0–90) in Eastern Europe. On average in Western Europe each medical school had 2 individuals trained in clinical pharmacology with 1.3 posts in the subject and the figures for Eastern Europe were 2.3 and 1.1 respectively. However these figures hide a wide variance in the teaching of clinical pharmacology. Particularly in Western Europe there are a number of medical schools in Italy, Spain and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) where clinical pharmacology is not taught and there is a dearth of individuals trained in the subject. Every effort to encourage clinical pharmacology and its teaching should be made, particularly in these countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 41 (1991), S. 185-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Clinical pharmacology ; Europe ; European task force
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 44 (1993), S. 271-274 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Chloroquine ; Malaria ; prophylaxis schedules ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two antimalarial prophylactic regimens were compared in healthy subjects belonging to the flying personnel of Scandinavian Airlines System. Regimen I: 310 mg chloroquine (CQ) base was given once weekly, starting the week prior to departure to the endemic area, then weekly during presence there and for four weeks after return. Regimen II: a loading dose of 620 mg chloroquine base was given at the latest 48 h prior to departure to the endemic area, followed by 310 mg base weekly throughout the visit. Blood samples were analysed by HPLC for CQ and its major metabolite desethylchloroquine (CQM). Regimen I gave suboptimal whole blood concentrations of CQ and CQM at the end of the first week of treatment. Regimen II gave prophylactic concentrations from the beginning of visit up to 6 weeks after departure from the endemic area. Both regimens were well tolerated, but Regimen II appeared better accepted by the volunteers due to its shorter duration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 38 (1990), S. 315-318 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: primary health care ; clinical pharmacology ; prescription habits ; improved drug therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A group of senior European clinical pharmacologists presents a position paper on the possible role of clinical pharmacology (CP) in bridging the gap between academic drug evaluation and drug prescribing in primary health care (PHC). As a teaching, research and service discipline CP has developed in academic or other major hospitals while 80% of all drugs are prescribed in PHC. CP therefore has to extend its functions to PHC. Examples are given of how joint ventures between clinical pharmacologists and PHC physicians may improve the quality of drug research and increase the clinical relevance of drug information in PHC, thereby contributing towards rational drug utilization in PHC. Colleagues in PHC are invited to respond to this call for collaboration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 45 (1993), S. 295-296 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 2 (1990), S. 1124-1140 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Droplet formation from capillary streams of viscous low vapor pressure fluids in a vacuum has been studied. A new form of capillary stream breakup, which entails the use of an amplitude-modulated sinusoidal disturbance, has been employed extensively in this work. The genesis of droplets formed due to an amplitude-modulated disturbance on a stream is reviewed in some detail and illustrated pictorially. Because capillary stream breakup and subsequent droplet propagation took place in a vacuum there were no significant interactions with the surrounding atmosphere. Sensitive measurements of the relative speeds of each drop have been made by allowing them to travel 6 m in a vertical vacuum chamber, and measuring the time between drops using an optical method. Speed differences as low as 3.5×10−7 times the average stream speed have been measured. New information about capillary stream breakup is inferred by comparing the speed variations for droplet streams generated with both amplitude-modulated disturbances and single-frequency disturbances. An autoregressive model is developed and found to represent the deviations in time between droplets with consistency and reproducibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ethinyloestradiol (EO2) component of oral contraceptive steroids is extensively conjugated with sulphate by the gut wall. The ability of gastrointestinal mucosa to conjugate EO2 has been examined in vitro in samples of mucosa taken from normal women as well as from women with coeliac disease. The percentage conjugation per mg dry weight for normal tissue (n= 11) was 17.1 ± 6.4 (mean ± s.d.) while in untreated coeliac tissue (n= 6) the figure was 6.3 ± 3.6% (P 〈 0.01). In tissue from patients with treated coeliac disease (n= 5) the figure was 12.1 ± 3.2%.Thus the ability of intestinal mucosa to conjugate ethinyloestradiol was significantly reduced in patients with coeliac disease, and restored towards normal following treatment. However, in patients with coeliac disease the pharmacokinetics of ethinyloestradiol were not significantly different from normal controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Advances in contraception 7 (1991), S. 325-331 
    ISSN: 1573-7195
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Les contraceptifs oraux stéroïdes (OCS) sont bien absorbés par l'appareil gastro-intestinal humain. Toutefois, si les progestogènes sont presque entièrement biodisponibles, l'éthinyl oestradiol (EE2) doit passer par un premier métabolisme important qui consiste essentiellement en une conjugaison au sulfate dans la paroi de l'intestin. Aussi bien le EE2 que les progestogènes sont bien absorbés chez des patientes ayant une iléostomie ou souffrant de maladies telles que la fibrose kystique ou la maladie de Crohn. Cependant, chez les patientes souffrant de maladie coeliaque (entéropathie d'intolérance au gluten), la paroi intestinale est moins à même de conjuguer l'EE2, de sorte que la biodisponibilité est accrue. La biodisponibilité reprend des valeurs normales lorsque le gluten est éliminé. D'autres substances qui se conjuguent avec le sulfate, telles que la vitamine C et le paracétamol se font concurrence pour le sulfate disponible lorsqu'elles sont administrées en même temps que les OCS, entraînant des niveaux plasmatiques élevés de EE2. Les agents inducteurs d'enzymes, tels que la rifampicine, le phénobarbital, la phénytoïne et la carbamazépine, réduisent les niveaux sanguins des OCS, entraînant l'échec du contraceptif. Dans le cas des anticonvulsifs (mais non de la rifampicine) ce phénomène peut facilement être surmonté en augmentant la dose de OCS administrée. On a rapporté que les antibiotiques à large spectre provoquent l'échec de la contraception du fait qu'ils compromettent la circulation entéro-hépatique du EE2, mais certaines études systématiques limitées n'ont pas fait ressortir cette interaction. Néanmoins, il est conseillé aux praticiens de recommander d'autres précautions anticonceptionnelles aux femmes qui reϑoivent, en même temps qu'un contraceptif oral stéroïde, un traitement aux antibiotiques à large spectre.
    Abstract: Resumen Los anticonceptivos orales esteroides (AOE) son bien absorbidos por el aparato gastrointestinal humano. No obstante, si bien los progestágenos son casi totalmente biodisponibles, el etinilestradiol (EE2) debe pasar por un primer metabolismo importante que consiste esencialmente en una conjugación con sulfato en la pared intestinal. Tanto el EE2 como los progestágenos son bien absorbidos en las pacientes con una ileostomía o afectadas de enfermedades como fibrosis quística o la enfermedad de Crohn. Sin embargo, en pacientes con enfermedad celíaca (enteropatía de intolerancia al gluten), la pared intestinal en menos capaz de conjugar el EE2, de modo que la biodisponibilidad aumenta. La biodisponibilidad retoma valores normales cuando el gluten es eliminado. Otras sustancias que se conjugan con el sulfato, como la vitamina C y el paracetamol, compiten por el sulfato disponible cuando son administradas al mismo tiempo que los AOE, ocasionando niveles plasmáticos elevados de EE2. Los agentes inductores de enzimas, como la rifampicina, el fenobarbital, la fenitoína y la carbamazepina, reducen los niveles sanguíneos de los AOE, provocando el fracaso de los anticonceptivos. En el caso de los anticonvulsivos (pero no de la rifampicina), este fenómeno puede ser fácilmente superado al aumentarse la dosis de AOE utilizada. Se ha informado de que los antibióticos de amplio espectro provocan el fracaso de la anticoncepción porque interfieren con la circulación entero-hepática del EE2, pero algunos estudios sistemáticos limitados no indican tal interacción. Sin embargo, se aconseja a los practicantes recomendar otras precauciones anticonceptivas a las mujeres que reciben antibióticos de amplio espectro juntamente con AOE.
    Notes: Abstract Oral contraceptive steroids (OCS) are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in humans. However, while the progestogens are almost completely bioavailable, ethinylestradiol (EE2) is subject to extensive first pass metabolism consisting chiefly of conjugation with sulfate in the gut wall. Both EE2 and progestogens are well absorbed in patients with an ileostomy or with diseases such as cystic fibrosis or Crohn's disease. However in patients with celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) the gut wall is less able to conjugate EE2 and thus its bioavailability is increased. The bioavailability returns to control values as the disease is improved following gluten withdrawal. Other drugs that are conjugated with sulfate, such as vitamin C and paracetamol, compete for available sulfate when coadministered with OCS leading to high plasma levels of EE2. Enzyme-inducing agents such as rifampicin, phenobarbitone, phenytoin and carbamazepine reduce blood levels of the OCS leading to contraceptive failure. In the case of anticonvulsants (but not rifampicin) this can be easily overcome by increasing the dose of OCS used. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are reported to cause failure of contraception by interfering with the enterohepatic circulation of EE2 but limited systematic studies show no evidence of such an interaction. Nevertheless practitioners are advised to recommend the use of alternative contraceptive precautions for women receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics concurrently with their OCS preparation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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