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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 5761-5765 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The two-parameter model potential originally proposed by Ning and Sah [Phys. Rev. B 4, 3468 (1971)] for calculating the ground-state energies of group V and group VI impurities in silicon is extended to the variational calculation of the thermal donor ionization energies. In the multivalley effective mass approximation, the theoretical results are in excellent agreement with the reported experimental data. This provides additional evidence for the assumption that thermal donors consist of five to thirteen oxygen atoms, as first proposed by Ourmazd, Schröter, and Bourret [J. Appl. Phys. 56, 1670 (1984)].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 136-141 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The number of oxygen atoms in a thermal donor (TD) can be determined directly from the reduction of the concentration of interstitial oxygen in Czochralski (Cz) silicon after annealing at 450 °C for 75 h, when the effect of high-carbon concentration in Si crystals is considered. It is found that on the average a single TD cluster contains eight oxygen atoms. Some TD-inactive large oxygen clusters are produced if the annealing time is longer than the time for TDs to reach their maximum concentration or if the annealing temperature is higher than 475 °C. We also find that the smallest TD cluster contains five oxygen atoms and the largest TD cluster contains 13 oxygen atoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 54 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A semi-empirical model of water activity changes due to solute concentrations increase in solutions of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes was developed based on an extension of Raoult's law. Comparisons between predicted and observed aw data for a variety of sugars, salts and acids indicated the proposed model fitted the a” data with accuracy to ±0.001 aw up to 4–14 molalities depending upon the solutes. Percent weight concentrations of some solutes for various a” values at 25°C were presented for practical applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 52 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Each year, thousands of tons of citrus concentrate are stored and transported throughout the world at 62° Brix. Increasing this concentration to 72° Brix can result in substantial savings. Fresh orange juice, treated mechanically or with pectic enzymes to reduce its viscosity, was concentrated to 72° Brix in a commercial processing plant, then samples were stored in barrels in a tank farm at −7 or at 4°C. At monthly intervals, samples were blended to make 41.8° Brix Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice. The enzyme-treated samples had lower viscosity than those mechanically treated. Vitamin C retention levels were 〉 94% after 6 months storage at 4°C. Taste evaluations rated the product ‘very good’ and furfural levels were well below that which indicates off flavors. Browning tended to increase with storage time and temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 52 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simplified freezing point depression (FPD) equation was derived for calculating water activity (aw) of food systems. The aw values as calculated by FPD data agreed with literature data for a variety of foods to within ± 0.01 aw units. The FPD equation was found particularly useful for calculating aw values of frozen foods at temperatures between 273.1.5–233.15 °K (0 to −40°C).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 51 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Freezing point depression (FPD) methods were applied to estimate the effective molecular weights of pure solutions and liquid foods. Explicit expressions among FPD, molecular weight and concentration were developed. The estimated molecular weights were about 333–356 for skim milk, 347–350 for coffee beverage, 164–167 for grape juice and 196–203 for tomato juice. The FPD methods were considered accurate for nonacidic foods but they could underestimate the values for acidic foods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 51 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fresh Valencia orange juice was treated with 0, 70, and 350 ppm of commercial pectic enzymes, concentrated to 72° Brix and stored at –7°, –1°, 7°, and 13°C for up to 6 months. The 70 ppm enzyme treatment successfully reduced initial apparent viscosity by about 25%. For the 70 ppm enzyme treated samples after 6 months storage at all four temperatures, juice cloud remained acceptable, furfural remained below the significant level, and at −1°C, vitamin C levels were above 32 mg/100 mL. There was no significant difference in taste after 6 months storage at −7°C between control and 70 ppm enzyme treated samples. Product quality of enzymatically treated orange concentrate stored at refrigerated temperatures was of sufficient quality to realize potential savings of 17% in storage and 30% in refrigeration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 50 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On the basis of the principles of freezing point depression, equations for the temperature rate of ice formation, apparent specific heat, and enthalpy were derived and expressed in terms of solids content and temperature. A unique characteristic constant for each food system can be determined experimentally from the calorimetric measurements. The new equations differ only slightly with similar equationspreviously developed by Bartlett in 1944 and by Schwartzberg in 1976. Reliability and accuracy of the methods are demonstrated with literature data for meat, fish and fruit juices. Enthalpy and apparent specific heat values for a range of temperature between 20° and 40°C and solids content between 10 and 50% are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 50 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On the basis of the freezing point depression equation, an ice content equation was derived. The required parameters are similar to equations for enthalpy and apparent specific heat previously developed. Validity and accuracy of the equation are demonstrated with experimental data for meat, fish and fruit juices. Cohesive data for enthalpy, apparent specific heat and ice content are calculated for a wide range of temperatures between 20 and -40°C. The calculated results are consistent with values obtainable through enthalpy-moisture content-temperature (Mollier) diagrams developed by Riedel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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