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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Timing of septal formation in two species of Nautilus based on radiometric and aquarium data (1989)
    Springer
    Marine biology 102 (1989), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth rates of four Nautilus scrobiculatus Lightfoot and three N. pompilius Linnaeus captured in Papua New Guinea in 1985 were measured using a chronology based on the naturally occurring radionuclides 210Pb and 210Po. The age of the las septum in mature specimens of both species was more than one year, whereas the time of septal formation in a submature specimen of N. pompilius was ca 180 d. The 210Po/210Pb method was also used to determine the growth rates of four immature N. pompilius captured in the Philippines in 1983 before and after introduction into an aquarium. Introduction into the aquarium was marked by a dramatic decrease in the activity of 210Pb of the septa, the formation of a black line on the exterior of the shell, and a reduction in the spacing of adjacent septa in two specimens. Based on the number of septa formed in the aquarium, the average time of septal formation ranged from 50 to 80 d. These estimates were consistent with those calculated from the 210Po/210Pb activity ratios of the septa that formed in the aquarium, thus providing a check on the radiometric method. The average time of septal formation just prior to introduction into the aquarium appears, within the uncertainty of the radioactive measurements, to have been similar to that in the aquarium, indicating no dramatic alteration in the growth rate of these specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391324
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of magnetic anisotropies in ultrathin epitaxial films of Fe(001) and Ni(001) (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 473-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 75.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrathin films, bcc Fe(001) on Ag(001), fcc Fe(001) on Cu(001) and Fe/Ni(001) bilayers on Ag, were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. A wide range of surface science tools were employed to establish the quality of epitaxial growth. Ferromagnetic resonance and Brillouin light scattering were used to extract the magnetic properties. Emphasis was placed on the study of magnetic anisotropies. Large uniaxial anisotropies with easy axis perpendicular to the film surface were observed in all ultrathin structures studied. These anisotropies were particularly strong in fcc Fe and bcc Fe films. In sufficiently thin samples the saturation magnetization was oriented perpendicularly to the film surface in the absence of an applied field. It has been demonstrated that in bcc Fe films the uniaxial perpendicular anisotropy originates at the film interfaces. In situ measurements indentified the strength of the uniaxial perpendicular anisotropy constant at the Fe/vacuum, Fe/Ag and Fe/Au interfaces asK us = 0.96, 0.63, and 0.3 ergs/cm2 respectively. The surface anisotropies deduced for [bulk Fe/noble metal] interfaces are in good agreement with the values obtained from ultrathin films. Hence the perpendicular surface ansiotropies originate in the broken symmetry at abrupt interfaces. An observed decrease in the cubic anisotropy in bcc Fe ultrathin films has been explained by the presence of a weak 4th order in-plane surface anisotropy,K 1∥S=0.012 ergs/cm2. Fe/Ni bilayers were also investigated. Ni grew in the pure bcc structure for the first 3–6 ML and then transformed to a new structure which exhibited unique magnetic properties. Transformed ultrathin bilayers possessed large inplane 4th order anisotropies far surpassing those observed in bulk Fe and Ni. The large 4th order anisotropies originate in crystallographic defects formed during the Ni lattice transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617014
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ferromagnetic resonance in ultrahigh vacuum of bcc Fe(001) films grown on Ag(001) (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 5334-5336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ferromagnetic resonance studies carried out in ultrahigh vacuum at 16.88 GHz on bcc Fe (001) films 5–14.2 monolayers (ML) thick grown on Ag (001) substrates indicate that an ultrathin Fe film 5 ML thick should be magnetized perpendicular to the specimen plane at room temperature. Covering the bare Fe specimens with Ag causes a substantial reduction in the uniaxial surface anisotropy for all Fe film thicknesses and would put the moment of a 5-ML film back into the plane. For a given Fe film thickness, the maximum obtainable uniaxial surface anisotropy depends on both the amount of oxygen contamination in the film and on the surface roughness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342362
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ferromagnetic antiresonance transmission through pure iron at 73 GHz (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3811-3813 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic damping in pure iron has been studied over the temperature range 140–300 K using a single-crystal slab l5 μm thick. The results at room temperature are consistent with the accepted value of the damping parameter for iron of G=0.7×108 Hz. The damping increases as the temperature is reduced and reaches a value of approximately 1.4×108 Hz at 140 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340622
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light scattering from thermal magnons in thin metallic ferromagnetic films (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3814-3816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A computer program has been written with which the complex resonant frequency can be calculated for a thin ferromagnetic metal film sandwiched between a nonmagnetic metallic substrate and a nonmagnetic metallic overlayer. The calculation includes exchange and magnetic damping having the Gilbert form. The program has been used to investigate the sensitivity of thin-film resonant frequencies to the resistivities of the overlayer, the substrate, and the magnetic film. It is concluded that the presence of an overlayer and of a substrate are unimportant for the analysis of Brillouin scattering data from films less than 100 A(ring) thick: uncertainties in the absolute value of the frequency shift of the scattered light—typically 1:200—are greater than, or comparable with, the frequency shifts caused by an overlayer or a substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340623
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering magnetic materials on the atomic scale (invited) (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 3721-3728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) systems and the use of atomic beams for deposition of atoms layer by layer combine to make possible the creation of new materials. The applications to metallic magnetism are gaining increasing attention. The building of sandwiches of magnetic and nonmagnetic layers should lead to increased understanding of the propagation of spin polarization through metals and the effects of finite thickness on the ground state properties and the thermodynamics of magnetic materials. The most important step in this process is in the first layer, i.e., the preparation of the substrate and the determination of the quality of the interface and of the overlayer. The techniques of surface science, e.g., residual gas analysis (RGA), reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) are essential for the characterization of the interface. Illustrations of these include our own work on body-centered-cubic Ni deposited epitaxially on (100)Fe with and without intermediate epitaxial Au layers and with and without Au cover layers, studied using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). The engineering of new magnetic phases takes into account the tendency of increased atomic volume to enhance magnetic moments. Epitaxy can be used to create negative pressures. New phases of Mn have been formed using the (0001) surface of Ru as a template for expanded structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.338672
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropic ferromagnetic resonance linewidth in nickel at low temperatures (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 3693-3695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have measured the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth ΔH at 24 GHz in (110) nickel disks at 4 K and from 60 K to room temperature. Samples had a nominal purity of 99.99% and a residual resisitivy ratio of 40. The applied field was in the plane of the sample and measurements were made with the field along each of the three principal axes [100], [110], and [111]. We find ΔH[110] 〉ΔH[111] and ΔH[100] for temperatures below 200 K. At 4 K we found ΔH[100] =1600±50 Oe, ΔH[111] =1800±50 Oe, and ΔH[110] =2000±50 Oe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334992
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microwave transmission through ferromagnetic metal slabs with nonlocal conductivity and specular or diffuse scattering of carriers (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 3715-3717 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The transmission of circularly polarized microwave radiation through a slab of ferromagnetic metal has been numerically evaluated as a function of an external dc magnetic field oriented normal to the slab faces. The calculation used a nonlocal relationship between the current density at a point in the metal and the electric field distribution in the metal. The two limiting cases of specular and diffuse scattering of the current carriers at the slab faces were investigated. The calculations were carried out for conduction mean free paths l ranging from the anomalous skin effect regime (δ/l〈1) to the regime corresponding to the local limit (δ/l(very-much-greater-than)1). For simplicity, a spherical Fermi surface was assumed whose parameters were chosen to simulate Nickel. The permeability was calculated from the Landau–Lifshitz equations including Gilbert damping and magnetocrystalline anisotropy but ignoring exchange and diffusion. For 24-GHz radiation incident on a 5-μm-thick slab, a mean free path of 1.0 μm, and for diffuse scattering of the carriers, a strong transmission peak appeared when the dc magnetic field was at a value corresponding to ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). No such peak was observed under specular scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335000
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of Brillouin light scattering intensities from pairs of exchange-coupled thin films (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 6092-6094 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A computer program has been developed that can be used to calculate the intensity of light scattered from thermal magnons in two planar exchange-coupled magnetic films. The static magnetizations have been assumed to be uniform and parallel with an applied magnetic field which lies in the plane of the films. The calculation includes exchange energies, cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy energies, and surface pinning energies. The results of the calculation compare favorably with the data reported for iron films by Grünberg et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2442 (1986)].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342103
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic properties of sandwiches and superlattices of fcc Fe(001) grown on Cu(001) substrates (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3464-3466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic properties of Cu/Fe epitaxial sandwiches and superlattices have been measured using Brillouin light scattering and ferromagnetic resonance. All of the samples are perpendicularly magnetized at room temperature, due to the presence of large uniaxial anisotropies with an easy axis perpendicular to the sample surface. Inclusion of a second-order uniaxial anisotropy term is particularly important for one of the superlattice samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340767
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