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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1988), S. 39-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Schlagwort(e): Time zone crossing ; Watchkeeping ; Circadian rhythms ; Human performance ; Subjective alertness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Daily diary records of sleep and activity, and 4-h measurements of body temperature, performance and subjective alertness were collected on board ship from 15 watchkeepers on the 4-on/8-off system, and from 28 dayworkers, on both westward and eastward transatlantic voyages. The data from a balanced sample of the subjects were analysed over selected 8-d periods of the voyages where four or five time zones were crossed. During these periods the average amount of daily sleep obtained by dayworkers on the eastward voyage was more than 1 h less than that on the westward voyage, and its quality was rated lower. Watchkeepers' main sleep was also shorter when travelling eastward, but this reduction was partially compensated for by a slightly longer secondary sleep. With the exception of subjective alertness on the eastward voyage, the basic phase of the circadian rhythms in the measured variables adjusted appropriately to the clock changes associated with the time zone crossings. The normal shape of the average daily curves was, however, altered differentially in the two directions of travel; as a result, morning levels of all variables were lower on the eastward voyage than on the westward, but evening levels were higher. These distortions of rhythm waveforms, which probably arose from a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors, add another dimension to the basic problem caused by the effects of circadian rhythms on operational efficiency in the shipboard situation. This problem can only be solved by the development of alternative watchkeeping systems which take full account of these rhythms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381606
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 395-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Schlagwort(e): Watchkeeping ; Physiological functions ; Circadian rhythms ; Adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Oral and rectal temperature, urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, and heart rate were measured in 28 watchkeepers working a “4-on/8-off” routine, and in 25 dayworkers, on board ships. Readings of oral temperature were taken over 4-hourly periods of up to two weeks; the rectal temperature, urine, and heart rate data were collected on selected days within these periods. Analysis of watchkeepers' temperatures and unconjugated catecholamine excretions showed slight signs of an interactive adaptation to time of day and hours of work, but it was clear that full phase adjustment of the circadian rhythms to shifted hours of work did not occur. The “split” pattern of sleep imposed by the watch system may be a major factor in preventing complete adaptation of physiological rhythms to shift work in the shipboard situation; this problem could be overcome by devising a system that allows sleep to be taken in a single uninterrupted block each day.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381386
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 321-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Schlagwort(e): Watchkeeping ; Circadian rhythms ; Fatigue ; Sleep ; Performance efficiency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The safety of a ship depends substantially on its bridge watchkeepers, whose alertness and efficiency must be maintained at all hours of the day and night. Fatigue, circadian rhythms, and sleep disruption occasioned by the unusual working hours of these personnel may all affect their performance. A methodology for assessing the magnitude of this problem is proposed. The application of this methodology in a large-scale shipboard study of merchant mariners on extended voyages is then described, and details given of the techniques used to measure sleep and activity, and temporal variations in a range of physiological and psychological parameters. A summary of the data collected in the study is provided as a reference point for the reports on the different aspects of the results that follow in subsequent articles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405665
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 331-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Schlagwort(e): Sleep length ; Sleep quality ; Sleep timing ; Watchkeeping
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Sleep length and sleep quality scores were collected on board ships over periods of up to two weeks from 38 watchkeepers working a ‘4-on/8-off routine’ and 29 dayworkers. All watchkeepers exhibited fragmented sleeping patterns, which indicated a lack of adaptation of the sleep/wakefulness cycle to the hours of work. There were only slight differences in total sleep length between watchkeepers and dayworkers, however, both groups did not obtain an adequate amount of sleep. Within the watchkeeping crews the 3rd Officers had by far the shortest sleep length. Concerning sleep quality, daytime sleep was generally given the lowest ratings, whereas sleep starting before midnight was on average evaluated as the best, both by watchkeepers and dayworkers. Watchkeeping personnel do not normally have any “days off” during a voyage so that missed sleep might even amount to a sleep deficit. A solution for this problem could perhaps be a new, stabilized system that allows a single uninterrupted sleep, which is required for full recuperation, to be taken each day.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405666
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1988), S. 51-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Schlagwort(e): Watchkeeping ; Sleep ; Circadian rhythms
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A trial of an alternative to the traditional 4-on/8-off watchkeeping system was made on a container ship during a round trip from Europe to the Far East. The three navigating officers on the ship operated the new system, which involved “compressed” working hours with a long unbroken period of rest, during two sections of the voyage, one of which included six stops at ports. Despite unforeseen problems arising mainly from these stops, questionnaire responses concerning the new system were not altogether unfavourable to it, and daily records kept by the officers gave some support to the hypothesis that sleep would be better than under the traditional system. However, a number of difficulties were encountered; these are discussed in relation to the design of future studies of alternative watchkeeping systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381607
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Calorimetric investigations on the SbNbO4-SbSbO4 system (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 33 (1988), S. 619-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Bildungsenthalpien und molare Wärmekapazitäten von SbNb1-z Sb z O4 (z=0, 0,07, 0,14, 0,20, 0,38, 1) wurden durch Lösungskalorimetrie in NaOH/KOH-Schmelze bei 483 K bzw. Einwurfkalorimetrie und DSC (320–673 K) bestimmt.Die molare Wärmekapazität hängt nahezu linear vom Sb(V)-Gehalt ab. Die integralen molaren Mischungsenthalpien sind positiv. Die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften der Mischkristalle lassen sich mit einem subregulären Modell für feste Lösungen gut beschreiben.
    Kurzfassung: Резюме Методами жидкостной калориметрии в NaOH(KOH) (483 К), капельной калоримет рии и ДСК (320–673 К) определены м олярные теплоемкост и и энтальпии образован ия системы SbNb−z Sb z O4 z=0, 0,07, 0,14, 0,20,0,38 и 1,00. Молярные теплоемкости почти линейно завися т от содержания пятива лентной сурьмы. Интег ральные молярные энтальпии с мешения являются положительными вели чинами. Модель полусистематическо го твердого раствора дает хорошее описание термодинам ических свойств смеш анных кристаллов.
    Notizen: Abstract Enthalpies of formation and molar heat capacities of SbNb1−zSbzO4 (z=0.00, 0.07, 0.14, 0.20, 0.38, 1.00) were determined by solution calorimetry in NaOH/KOH (483 K), drop calorimetry and DSC (320–673 K). The molar heat capacities depend nearly linearly on the Sb(V)-content. The integral molar enthalpies of mixing are positive. A subregular solid solution model permits a good description of the thermodynamic properties of the mixed crystals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02138564
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