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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A neural network algorithm for the multiple traveling salesmen problem (1989)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 61 (1989), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We developed an efficient neural network algorithm for solving the Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem (MTSP). A new transformation of the N-city M-salesmen MTSP to the standard Traveling Salesmen Problem (TSP) is introduced. The transformed problem is represented by an expanded version of Hopfield-Tank's neuromorphic city-position map with (N + M-1)-cities and a single fictitious salesmen. The dynamic model associated with the problem is based on the Basic Differential Multiplier Method (BDMM) [26] which evaluates Lagrange multipliers simultaneously with the problem's state variables. The algorithm was successfully tested on many problems with up to 30 cities and five salesmen. In all test cases, the algorithm always converged to valid solutions. The great advantage of this kind of algorithm is that it can provide solutions to complex decision making problems directly by solving a system of ordinary differential equations. No learning steps, logical if statements or adjusting of parameters are required during the computation. The algorithm can therefore be implemented in hardware to solve complex constraint satisfaction problems such as the MTSP at the speed of analog silicon VLSI devices or possibly future optical neural computers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204755
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ecology of brown trout Salmo trutta in English chalk streams (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 21 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. .1. Chalkstream trout are fast-growing, short-lived with a stable age structure that is a consequence of the lack of extremes in the abiotic environment, especially of water temperature and flow.2. Levels of secondary (invertebrate) production arc high and there is no evidence that interspecific or intraspecific competition for food resources limits growth.3. Dietary studies show a broad similarity between trout and other species, but indicate differences that reflect variations in the micro-habitat distributions between fish species.4. Trout numbers appear to be limited initially by the availability of gravel spawning areas, and then by areas suitable for newly-emerged fry. Reduction in stream discharge in the spring, either naturally or by man, can lower the number of 0+ trout that survive.5. Eels are not important predators on trout eggs or fry. but a reduction in pike numbers can lead to a decrease in the mean weight of pike. Small pike do not pose a serious threat to stocked yearling trout.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1989.tb01348.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrofining of heavy gas oil on zeolite-alumina supported nickel-molybdenum catalyst (1988)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry research 27 (1988), S. 1788-1792 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00082a009
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exact solutions of an algebraically extended Kaluza–Klein theory (1985)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 26 (1985), S. 2308-2316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The four-dimensional field equations in an algebraically extended Kaluza–Klein theory are solved in the static spherically symmetric case. Eight distinct classes of solutions are found, some of which are free of singularities in both the metric and the electromagnetic field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.526814
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Induction of Antigen-Specific Suppressor Cells (Ts) Diminishes Disease Expression in Mice with Interstitial Nephritis (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 475 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb20885.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmentally-induced fluctuations in year-class strength and their implications for management (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 27 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Data for river populations of common freshwater species including dace, chub, roach, gudgeon and pike are examined to assess the magnitude of natural density-independent fluctuations in the strength of year-classes. Both in the cyprinid populations and in those of some salmonids, only occasional years give rise to large cohorts of adult fish. Correlations with temperature indicate that for the cyprinid populations these are often years when temperatures are high. In the River Frome, Dorset there is a significant relationship between the growth of O-group dace and subsequent year-class strength. Faster-growing larvae may be better able to avoid predation. Both the habitat and feeding requirements of these young fish are different from those of the adults. A practical approach to improving recruitment in a population of a given species would be to first characterize, and then increase, the availability of suitable habitats and food organisms for the larval stages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb03243.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contact dermatitis from Hioxyl cream (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 15 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01347.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the accuracy of age-determination using scales from rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.), of known age (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 26 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Six scientists from five European countries each examined 29 sets of scales from rudd of known age. The material contained 174 scales from both fast and slow growing fish and, with the exception of one participant, the scientists missed the first annulus when it was formed close to the scale centre. Sixty-eight scales were misread in this way, but only 12 were incorrectly aged because of confusion between true and false annuli. Comparisons of back-calculated lengths with observed lengths at each age were used to identify which false annuli had been incorrectly identified as true annuli, and vice-versa. The results confirmed the necessity of having information from other sources, e.g. seasonal length-frequency distributions of 0-group fish, to support the subjective interpretation of the scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb04302.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A pike management strategy for a trout fishery (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 27 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The efficiency of pike removal from a chalkstream trout fishery, by an angling society using electrofishing, was estimated over five successive autumns using mark-recapture methods. It averaged c. 50% for pike aged 1+ years or more. Numbers of 3+ and older pike decreased from 3.7 ha-1 (1980) to 1.4 ha-1 (1984), but there was no corresponding reduction in recruitment success. Both pike immigration and an inverse relationship between natural and fishing mortality could have reduced the effect of the pike culls. The mean weight of 0+ pike increased from 19.4 g to 48.2 g over the 5 years, but there was no change in the growth rates of older pike. Only the larger pike were able to eat the larger trout stocked, and the reduction in numbers of 3 + and older pike appears to have reduced the predation pressure on the trout population. Angling effort increased more than three-fold over the 5 years studied and rod-catches more than doubled, but catch-per-unit-effort was extremely variable between years. The increased rod catch occurred despite the decrease in numbers of large (〉 33 cm) trout stocked in the spring and early summer. Compared with pre-cull years, the angling society saved about ş850 (present day prices) by stocking fewer trout.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb03244.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence that dopaminergic sympathetic axons supply the medullary arterioles of human kidney (1989)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 91 (1989), S. 361-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ability of the kidney to excrete sodium appears to depend on release of dopamine from intrarenal sources. In the present study, we have used immunohistochemistry to examine the possibility that renal dopaminergic nerves constitute one of these sources. We found that the sympathetic axons supplying cortical structures in human kidney contain tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity but lack DOPA decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity. By contrast, the vasa recta arterioles of the renal medulla are supplied by varicose tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerve fibres, some of which also contain DOPA decarboxylase. As DOPA decarboxylase has been demonstrated in other situations to be a selective marker for dopaminergic terminal axons, our results suggest the innervation of renal medullary blood vessels in man by both noradrenergic and dopaminergic sympathetic nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00493822
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