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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Influence of Remaining Live BCG Organisms in Vaccinated Mice on the Maintenance of Immunity to Tuberculosis (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 60 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The only available vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, is at present being used as a reference for the efficacy of novel vaccines. Herein, we demonstrate that viable BCG can be detected at late time points after vaccination in C57BL/6J mice. If BCG is cleared by antibiotic treatment, the number of mycobacteria-reactive effector cells in the spleen gradually reverts to low levels and consequently immunity in this organ wanes, while resistance in the lung remains stable. The implications for comparing BCG vaccination with experimental vaccines including non-replicating vaccines are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01471.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specific Acquired Resistance in Mice Immunized with Killed Mycobacteria (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 56 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Past attempts to raise resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using various preparations of killed mycobacteria have questioned the specificity of the generated immune response. In the present study, we have focused on the protective efficacy of experimental vaccines based on killed mycobacteria. We demonstrate that killed mycobacteria can confer high levels of protection, which can be adoptively transferred to recipient T-cell-deficient mice. Moreover, protective antigens can be found in the cell wall, membrane and cytosol of the mycobacterial cell, and hence emphasize the importance of searching for protective antigens in various compartments of the mycobacterial cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01152.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    T-Cell Receptor Downregulation by Ceramide-Induced Caspase Activation and Cleavage of the ζ Chain (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 53 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Regulation of T-cell receptor (TCR) cell surface expression levels is probably an important mechanism by which T-cell responsiveness is controlled. Previously, two distinct pathways for TCR downregulation have been described. One is dependent on protein kinase C (PKC) and the leucine-based receptor-sorting motif (l-based motif) of the CD3γ chain but independent of tyrosine kinases, whereas the other is dependent on the tyrosine kinase activation but independent of the PKC and the CD3γl-based motif. In this study, we describe a new pathway for TCR downregulation distinct from both the PKC/CD3γl-based motif-dependent and the tyrosine kinase-dependent pathways. This pathway is dependent on ceramide-induced activation of caspases and correlate with caspase-mediated cleavage of the ζ chain. Thus, a 10–15% downregulation of the TCR was induced following the treatment of the T cells with ceramide for 4 h. A close correlation between TCR downregulation, caspase activation, and cleavage of the ζ chain was found. Furthermore, the caspase inhibitors abolished the cleavage of the ζ chain and TCR downregulation in parallel with the inhibition of the caspase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00852.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Th1 Cell Lines Recognize the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 Antigen and its Peptides in Association with Frequently Expressed HLA Class II Molecules (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 57 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have used a synthetic-peptide approach to map epitope regions of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 antigen recognized by human T cells in relation to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction. ESAT-6-specific CD4+ T-cell lines were established by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 25 HLA-DR-typed tuberculosis patients with complete antigen in vitro. The established T-cell lines were then screened for proliferation and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion in response to eight overlapping 20-mer peptides covering the ESAT-6 sequence. The response of the T-cell lines to ESAT-6 and peptides from a human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-heterogeneous group of donors suggested the presence of multiple epitopes and promiscuous recognition of the antigen. Analysis of antigen and peptide recognition in the presence of anti-HLA class I and class II antibodies suggested that the T-cell lines recognized ESAT-6 in association with HLA-DR and -DQ molecules. Furthermore, testing of selected T-cell lines with ESAT-6 and the peptides in the presence of autologous and allogeneic HLA-DR- and -DQ-typed antigen-presenting cells identified HLA-DR2, -DR52 and -DQ2 amongst the HLA molecules involved in the presentation of ESAT-6 and its peptides to human Th1 cells. In addition, the T-cell lines were cytotoxic for monocytes and macrophages pulsed with ESAT-6 and peptides. In conclusion, the recognition of ESAT-6 by IFN-γ-secreting and cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in association with frequently expressed HLA class II molecules supports the application of this antigen to either specific diagnosis or subunit vaccine design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01204.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antibodies to hen and duck antigens in poultry workers (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Serum antibodies to avian and Aspergillus antigens were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in forty-two workers from a poultry abattoir and in twenty healthy blood donors. The levels of IgG and IgA antibodies to hen and duck serum were significantly higher in poultry workers than in blood donors (P〈0.01). In workers employed for less than 1 year the antibody levels were lower than in those who had been employed for a longer period of time (P〈0.05). The IgA antibody level to a high molecular weight Aspergillus antigen was higher in poultry workers than blood donors (P〈0-05), whereas the level of other Aspergillus antibodies were similar in the two groups. The level of IgG antibodies to hen antigen was higher in non-smokers than in smokers (P〈0-02). A correlation between the antibody levels to hen and duck antigens and to pigeon antigen was found (P〈0.05). indicating cross-reactivity between these antibodies. No cases of allergic alveolitis were found, and no correlation between antibody levels and respiratory symptoms could be demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1984.tb02225.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional specificity of the replication fork-arrest complexes of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli: significant specificity for Tus–Ter functioning in E. coli (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Escherichia coli replication terminator TerB was inserted in its two alternate orientations into a Bacillus subtilis fork-arrest assay plasmid. After transferring these new plasmids into B. subtilis, which could overproduce the E. coli terminator protein Tus, it was shown that the E. coli Tus–TerB complex could cause polar replication fork arrest, albeit at a very low level, in B. subtilis. A new B. subtilis–E. coli shuttle plasmid was designed to allow the insertion of either the TerI (B. subtilis) or TerB (E. coli) terminator at the same site and in the active orientation in relation to the approaching replication fork generated in either organism. Fork-arrest assays for both terminator-containing plasmids replicating in both organisms which also produced saturating levels of either the B. subtilis terminator protein (RTP) or Tus were performed. The efficiency of the Tus–TerB complex in causing fork arrest was much higher in E. coli than in B. subtilis. The efficiency of the B. subtilis RTP–TerI complex was higher in B. subtilis than in E. coli, but the effect was significantly less. Evidently a specificity feature in E. coli operates to enhance appreciably the fork-arrest efficiency of a Tus–Ter complex. The specificity effect is of less significance for an RTP–Ter complex functioning in B. subtilis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01945.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Globalization and Food Security (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb17833.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On universal 22 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of linguistics 18 (1982), S. 231-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-2267
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies
    Notes: Greenberg's pioneering work on word order universals (Greenberg, 1966) in which he proposed a total of universals concerning the ‘order of meaningful elements’ as well as a typology based on this order distinguishing 24 language types has truly had a great influence on linguistic research in the past few years. Not only has this important contribution to our understanding of language universals and typology precipitated such widespread interest in this particular field of linguistics which has culminated in a number of language specific monographs (see for instance Heine, 1976; Lehmann, 1974; Friedrich, 1975); symposia (see Li, 1975, 1976, 1977) and even larger projects (for example the Language Universals Project of Stanford University, and the Cologne project on language universals, see Greenberg, 1978; Seiler, 1973, 1978), but it also has influenced linguistics in general to such an extent that many consider syntactic description and research to be incomplete without a thorough discussion of word order, in some cases to the virtual exclusion of other topics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700013591
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of root anaerobiosis on the water relations of several Pyrus species (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 62 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Solution culture experiments were designed to investigate the plant water relations of 3 Pyrus species subjected to root anaerobiosis. Root anaerobiosis induced partial stomatal closure prior to alterations in leaf water potential (ΨLW) or root osmotic potential (ΨRπ). In contrast, stomatal closure was accompanied by a decline in root hydraulic conductivity (Lp). Anoxia markedly reduced ΨLW for Pyrus communis L. and eventually led to wilting and defoliation. Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge and Pyrus calleryana Decne, however, were less affected by root anaerobiosis. To delineate if the increased root resistance was in the radial or longitudinal direction, 10−4M cistrans abscisic acid (ABA) was added to detopped root systems of P. communis in solution culture after steady-state rates of Lp were established. A consistent 25 to 30% promotion of Lp was observed 1.5 h after the addition of ABA for aerobically treated plants. ABA did not influence Lp when applied to roots previously deprived of O2 for 4 days. Additional evidence against the limiting resistance being in the radial direction was obtained when water fluxes were compared through intact P. communis roots, roots with all feeder roots detached, and stems without root systems. Severing feeder roots from anaerobically treated plants did not increase water flux to rates observed for aerobically treated plants. Resistance progressed basipetally to eventually encompass the stem itself. These results can only be explained by occlusion of the xylem vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb00378.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water and ion fluxes of abscisic acid-treated root systems of pear, Pyrus communis (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 60 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Water and ion fluxes of intact root systems of Pyrus communis L. cv. Old Home × Farmingdale 97 immersed in a nutrient solution were determined at various pressures and temperatures. Water flux (Jv was normalized on the basis of initial flow rates of a root system after 30 min at 0.50 MPa and 25°C, expressed as the ratio Qv. Qv responded linearly to pressures between 0.20 and 0.62 MPa, implying a constant root hydraulic conductivity (Lp) within this range. Similarly Qv was linearly related to temperatures between 7 and 35°C; however, large, rapid temperature changes resulted in a break of the Arrhenius plot of Qv versus the reciprocal of temperature, Abscisic acid (ABA) from 2 × 10−6 to 10−4M, applied to intact root systems, increased Qv within 10–20 min, with the effect leveling off after 1.5 h. At a pressure of 0.50 MPa, ABA at 10-4M enhanced Qv by 28%. The stimulation of Qv was not due to the ethanol solvent since 0.13 or 1.33% ethanol decreased Qv-, The osmotic potential of the xylem fluid was determined and was used to calculate total normalized solute flux. The results suggest that ABA-induced or ethano1-induced changes in Qv were mainly due to changes in Lp and not to changes in ion transport to the xylem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb04555.x
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