Library

X
feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monoclonal antibodies against tetanus toxin and toxoid (1983)
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 172 (1983), S. 123-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Monoclonal antibodies against tetanus toxin and its toxoid were produced by immunizing mice with toxoid or toxin. They were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), by a toxin neutralization test in mice (in vivo prevention test), and by their ability to prevent binding of125I-toxin to brain membranes or gangliosides (in vitro prevention test). Six monoclonal antibodies obtained by immunization with toxoid (anti-toxoid 1–6) were investigated in more detail. They belonged to IgG class 1. Three of them (anti-toxoid 1, 2 and 3) recognized both toxoid and toxin as well as fragment B and the light chain of toxin, but not fragment C. Two other antibodies (anti-toxoid 4 and 5) were directed against toxoid only. Neither of them prevented toxin action in vitro or in vivo. Anti-toxoid 6 recognized toxin, toxoid and fragment C, but not light chain, and prevented toxin action in vitro and in vivo. Immunization against toxin was initiated with a toxin-antitoxin complex and boosted with toxin. We studied six antibodies in more detail, all of IgG type 2. Their KD against125I-tetanus toxin varied from 10−9 to 10−10 M. Anti-toxin 2 recognized toxin, toxoid, light chain and fragment B, but not fragment C. The others reacted with toxin, toxoid and fragment C, but not with light chain or fragment B. All of them prevented toxin action in vitro and in vivo. As calculated from the maximal extinction achieved in the ELISA, tetanus toxin combined with a maximum of two different antibody molecules from our set. Gel filtration data indicate that tetanus toxin reacts with monoclonal antibodies one by one. Compared with polyclonal antiserum, monoclonal antibodies yield flatter slopes in both in vitro and in vivo prevention tests. Thus, they cannot substitute for the polyclonal antibodies in clinical situations, and cannot be calibrated in international units.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02124513
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lead and other metals can substitute for Ca2+ in calmodulin (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 54 (1983), S. 61-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Calmodulin ; Ca2+ ; Pb2+ ; Phosphodiesterase ; Phosphorylation ; Brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the interaction between some heavy metal ions, as compared with earth alkali ions, and calmodulin, a tissue protein which binds Ca2+ and mediates some of its effects. 1. Calmodulin dependent phosphodiesterase was activated with Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Cd2+ (EC50 about 0.8 μM). The maximal activation achieved decreases in the order given. Hg2+ Sn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Bi3+, and Sb3+ up to 20 μM did not activate. 2. Pb2+ can replace Ca2+ with respect to the calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of brain membranes. With high Pb2+ concentrations, phosphorylation was inhibited. 3. Calmodulin binding to brain membranes was enhanced with concentrations below 10−4 M in the following order: Pb2+ ≧Ca2+ ∼ Sr2+ 〉 Cd2+ 〉 Mn2+ 〉 Ba2+. In contrast Mg2+, Hg2+, Sn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Cu2+ triggered, if at all, a non-saturable binding of calmodulin. 4. In the flow-dialysis, other ions competed with 45Ca2+ binding to calmodulin in the following order: Pb2+ ∼ Ca2+ 〉 Mn2+, Ba2+, Cd2+, Sr2+. Thus among the ions investigated Pb2+ is a fully potent substitute for Ca2+ in every calmodulin-dependent reaction investigated. Cd2+ is always much less potent. The earth alkali ions Sr2+ and Ba2+ take an intermediate position. It remains to be shown whether calmodulin is merely a storage site for Pb2+, or whether the resulting functional changes play a role in Pb2+ poisoning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00277816
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ouabain inhibits the increase due to palytoxin of cation permeability of erythrocytes (1982)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 319 (1982), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Palytoxin ; Ouabain ; Erythrocytes ; Permeability ; ATPase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Palytoxin in concentrations as low as 1 pM raises the potassium permeability of rat, human and sheep erythrocytes, and the sodium permeability of human erythrocytes. The release of potassium or sodium from human cells also occurs when extracellular sodium is replaced by choline. 2. Ouabain inhibits the release due to palytoxin of potassium ions from human, sheep and rat erythrocytes, and also the release of sodium ions from human cells. The glycoside effect is specific since a) it is already prominent with 5×10−8 M ouabain b) rat erythrocytes are less sensitive than human cells to ouabain c) potassium release due to amphotericin B or the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 is not influenced by ouabain and d) dog erythrocytes are resistant to palytoxin as well as to ouabain. 3. Palytoxin has no direct influence on the Na+, K+-ATPase. It inhibits the binding of [3H]ouabain to erythrocyte membranes within the same concentration range as unlabelled ouabain. It partially displaces bound [3H]ouabain, and partially inhibits the inactivation of erythrocyte ATPase by the glycoside. Depletion of ATP or of external Ca2+ renders the cells less sensitive to palytoxin. Nevertheless inhibition by ouabain can be still demonstrated with human cells whose ATP stores had been largely exhausted, and also in the absence of external Ca2+. 4. Palytoxin decreases the surface tension at the air-water interface. We assume that the formation of nonspecific pores by palytoxin is linked with its surface activity. Further experiments should demonstrate whether ouabain prevents the binding of palytoxin to erythrocytes (“receptor hypothesis”), or whether an ouabain-sensitive hydrolysis of trace amounts of ATP (“metabolic hypothesis”) promotes the palytoxin effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503920
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of synaptosomal choline uptake by tetanus and botulinum a toxin (1981)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 316 (1981), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum A toxin ; Choline ; Gangliosides ; Fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tetanus toxin and, to a lesser degree, botulinum A toxin inhibit partially and noncompetitively the uptake of [3H]choline into a crude synaptosomal fraction from rat brain cortex. Botulinum toxin acts by its neurotoxin content. The effect is not due to nonspecific synaptosomal damage by the toxins as shown by the lactate dehydrogenase occlusion test, by the absence of swelling and by the preservation of choline stores. The ratio between [3H]acetylcholine and [3H]choline was decreased by both toxins. Inhibition by either toxin depends strongly on the temperature and duration of incubation, and is preceded by an initial latency period. The effect of tetanus toxin, once manifest, is largely resistant against antitoxin. It is not significantly diminished by pretreatment of the synaptosomes with V. cholerae neuraminidase. Fixation of 125I-tetanus toxin proceeds fast, is largely independent of temperature and is diminished by pretreatment of the synaptosomes with neuraminidase. Thus only some of the fixation sites, and not the long-chain gangliosides, are required for the effects of tetanus toxin. A slow, temperature-sensitive process links the fixation with the action. In contrast to rat synaptosomes the chicken preparation is more sensitive to botulinum A than to tetanus toxin, which reflects the differences in sensitivity between live birds and rodents. Our data underline the similarities between the effects of tetanus and those of botulinum A toxin. Their dependence on time and temperature, the time dependence of efficacy of antitoxin, and the concordance in species specificity indicate that the in vitro system mirros some crucial features of poisoning of isolated organs and live animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505307
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Action and binding of palytoxin, as studied with brain membranes (1983)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 323 (1983), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Palytoxin ; Tetraphenylphosphonium ; Depolarization ; Binding ; Borate ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Palytoxin in concentrations as low as 10−11 to 10−12 M promotes the outflow of the lipophilic [3H]-tetraphenylphosphonium ion from particulate brain cortex of guinea-pigs and rats, and from preloaded crude synaptosomes of rats, which indicates depolarization. The outflow is not influenced by tetrodotoxin or the calcium channel blocker nimodipin, or by substitution of choline for Na+ ions. It is increased by Ca2+ and by borate, the latter interacting with the toxin itself. To assess the fixation of palytoxin to biological membranes, a binding step was installed before the depolarization step. Palytoxin binds to membranes from rat brain, liver, kidney, human and dog erythrocytes, and to a lesser degree to liposomes made from rat brain or erythrocyte lipids. Binding is reversible. It is decreased by mild physical pretreatments of crude synaptosomes. Palytoxin binding is increased in the presence of micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ or borate. It is concluded that the potentiation of palytoxin actions by Ca2+ or borate is at least partially due to the promotion of its binding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497673
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The action of palytoxin on erythrocytes and resealed ghosts (1983)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 323 (1983), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Palytoxin ; Erythrocyte ; Membrane ; Na+, K+-ATPase ; Calcium ; Ouabain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Palytoxin increases the permeability of human erythrocytes and their resealed ghosts. To elucidate its mode of action the activation by ATP and Ca2+, the inhibition by ouabain, and the changes in permselectivity have been studied: 1. Depletion of cells from ATP considerably depresses their sensitivity towards palytoxin. Ouabain prevents the actions of the toxin, however, with different inhibition characteristics in normal and depleted cells. The concentration of palytoxin required to raise the K+ permeability is higher in ghosts than in erythrocytes. The sensitivity is restored by incorporating ATP which can be partially substituted by ADP and GTP but not by AMP, Pi, β-γ-methylene adenosine 5′-triphosphate or the chromium (III) complex of ATP. Ouabain inhibits the K+ release from resealed ghosts in the presence as well as absence of ATP. Ouabain also inhibits the palytoxin-triggered Na+ and choline efflux into Na+ medium, as well as the Na+, K+ and choline efflux into choline medium. Phosphate promotes the inhibitory action of ouabain. Incorporated vanadate or Mg2+ do not change the sensitivity of ghosts toward palytoxin. 2. External calcium down to 10 μM potentiates the action of palytoxin in ghosts resealed with or without ATP. In contrast to calcium ionophore A23187, palytoxin does not raise the influx of Ca2+. 3. Palytoxin triggers the formation of small pores in resealed ghosts. The efflux into Na+ medium decreases in the order K+≧Na+〉[3H]choline≫[14C]inositol〉[14C]sucrose, [3H]inulin≅0. Our data suggest that palytoxin, once bound to erythrocyte membranes, transforms the sodium pump, or its functional vicinity, into a pore allowing the passive transport of small ions. This process is assisted by ATP from inside whereas Ca2+ promotes from the outside the efficacy of palytoxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497672
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blockade by tetanus and botulinum A toxin of postganglionic cholinergic nerve endings in the myenteric plexus (1980)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 312 (1980), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum toxin ; Myenteric plexus ; Transmitter release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of tetanus and botulinum A toxin were studied on the electrically stimulated myenteric plexus-ileum strip of the guinea pig. The concentrations used were in the range of 104–106 mouse LD50/ml. 1. Tetanus and botulinu, A toxin slowly decrease the amplitude of the contractile response to field stimulation in a dose-dependent manner without influencing the sensitivity to acetylcholine of the smooth muscle. 2. Development of paralysis is preceded by a latent period. Washing and antitoxin slow the paralytic process only when applied during the latent period. 3. The time course of development of paralysis depends on the activity of the strip. It can be slowed by rest, high [Mg2+], or low [Ca2+], and accelerated by raising the stimulation frequency. 4. Substances like 4-aminopyridine, sea anemone toxin II and scorpion toxin which prolong the membrane depolarization restore temporarily the contraction of partially paralysed muscle strips. 5. Poisoned preparations do not differ from controls in their total acetylcholine contents, whereas formation as well as release of [3H]-acetylcholine are decreased by either toxin. It is concluded that a) tetanus toxin and botulinum A toxin are qualitatively indistinguishable with respect to their actions on the postganglionic cholinergic neurons in the ileum, botulinum A toxin being 5 times more potent than tetanus toxin, b) the effects of the toxins at postganglionic cholinergic neurons in the ileum and at motor nerve endings are qualitatively similar, botulinum A toxin being about 500 times more potent than tetanus toxin at the latter preparation (see Habermann et al., 1980b, c) both toxins influence the turnover of acetylcholine but not its tissue concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499155
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tetanus toxin and botulinum A toxin inhibit release and uptake of various transmitters, as studied with particulate preparations from rat brain and spinal cord (1981)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 316 (1981), S. 244-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum A toxin ; Neurotransmitter ; Uptake ; Release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of tetanus toxin and botulinum A toxin on the uptake and evoked release of various neurotransmitters were studied using particles from rat forebrain, corpus striatum and spinal cord. 1. Uptake. Tetanus toxin partially inhibits the uptake of glycine and choline into spinal cord synaptosomes. The effect on glycine uptake becomes statistically significant after a lag period of 60\2-120 min. It is no longer present when the toxin is heated, antitoxin-treated or toxoided. The inhibition by botulinum A toxin of choline uptake into spinal cord synaptosomes is weak but measurable, that of glycine uptake is at the borderline of detection. The uptake of GABA into forebrain cortex synaptosomes is slightly inhibited by tetanus toxin but hardly by botulinum A toxin. The effects of tetanus toxin and botulinum A toxin on the uptake of noradrenaline into striatal synaptosomes are negligible. 2. Release. Tetanus toxin inhibits the potassium (25 mM) evoked release of radioactivity from rat forebrain cortex particles preloaded with labelled neurotransmitters. The sensitivity decreases in the following order: Glycine 〉 GABA \2〉 acetylcholine. The toxin also inhibits the release of radioactivity from striatal particles preloaded with labelled noradrenaline. It is always 10\2-50 times more potent on spinal cord than on brain particles. The sensitivity of the evoked release from the spinal cord decreases in the order glycine 〉 GABA 〉 acetylcholine 〉 noradrenaline. The toxin is identical with the causative agent because toxin-antitoxin complexes, toxoid and heated toxin do not influence the release from particles preloaded with glycine (spinal cord), GABA (forebrain) and noradrenaline (striatum). Botulinum toxin resembles tetanus toxin by its ability to diminish the release of radioactivity from preloaded forebrain (acetylcholine 〉 GABA), striatal (noradrenaline), or spinal cord (glycine) particles. The botulinum toxin effect on the striatum (noradrenaline) and on the spinal cord (glycine) is due to its neurotoxin content. The identity of the toxin and the causative agent has been established by preheating and preincubation with antitoxin. It is proposed that a) tetanus and, however to a much lesser degree, botulinum A toxin act in a basically similar manner on a process underlying the function of synapses in general, and b) the pronounced sensitivity of glycine and GABA release from spinal cord, together with the axonal ascent of tetanus toxin, may be crucial in the pathogenesis of tetanus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505657
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palytoxin binds to and inhibits kidney and erythrocyte Na+, K+-ATPase (1984)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 325 (1984), S. 85-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Na+, K+-ATPase ; Palytoxin ; Ouabain ; Kidney ; Erythrocyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hog kidney Na+, K+-ATPase, purified to the microsomal stage and activated with detergent, binds palytoxin, as shown by the nearly complete competition of the toxin with 3H-ouabain. The K i-values of palytoxin, but not of ouabain, depend on the protein concentration; this indicates additional binding sites for the toxin on kidney membranes. — Palytoxin inhibits the enzymatic activity of the detergent-activated preparation nearly completely (IC50 8·10−7 mol/l). Inhibition of ATPase activity and of ouabain binding are promoted by borate, a known activator of palytoxin. — Palytoxin also inhibits the Na+, K+-ATPase of erythrocyte ghosts in the same dose range. The data are discussed in context with the hypothesis (Chhatwal et al. 1983) that palytoxin raises the cellular permeability by altering the state of Na+, K+-ATPase or its environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00507059
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tetanus toxin and botulinum a toxin inhibit acetylcholine release from but not calcium uptake into brain tissue (1981)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 316 (1981), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum toxin ; Acetylcholine ; Calcium ; Brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Slices or particles from rat forebrain cortex were preloaded with [3H]choline, and the release of [3H]acetylcholine was evoked with potassium ions in a superfusion system. Release depended on the presence of calcium. 1. Incubation of the preloaded tissue preparation for 2 h with tetanus or botulinum A toxin did not change the [3H]acetylcholine content or the ratio [3H]acetylcholine/[3H]choline. Tetanus toxin diminished, dependent on dose and time, the release of [3H]acetylcholine evoked by 25 mM K+. It was about ten times more potent than botulinum A toxin. The effect of botulinum toxin was due to its neurotoxin content. Raising the potassium concentration partially overcame the inhibition by the toxins. Hemicholinium-3, applied to preloaded slices, left the subsequent [3H]acetylcholine release unchanged. Pretreatment of particles with neuraminidase diminished the content of long-chain gangliosides to the detection limit. Such particles remained fully sensitive to tetanus toxin, and at least partially sensitive to botulinum A toxin. 2. The potassium or sea anemone toxin II stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into cortex synaptosomes or particles was not inhibited by either toxin. Both toxins appear to impede the Ca2+-dependent mobilization of an easily releasable acetylcholine pool, without inhibiting the transmembranal calcium fluxes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505308
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...