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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC LOCALIZATION OF NEUROTENSIN IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 400 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb31562.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A specific substance P antagonist blocks smooth muscle contractions induced by non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic nerve stimulation (1981)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 294 (1981), S. 467-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Guinea pig taenia coli preparations, consisting of longitudinal smooth muscle with the attached myenteric plexus13, were placed in Krebs solution, stored at 4 C for 1 h and then mounted vertically on a Perspex holder in a 7-ml organ bath thermostated at 37 C. One end was attached to a rigid ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/294467a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuronally mediated non-cholinergic contraction of guineapig bronchial smooth muscle is inhibited by a substance P antagonist (1984)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 14 (1984), S. 315-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The isolated main bronchi of the guinea-pig respond to electrical field stimulation with a twitch followed by a slow contraction. Atropine blocked the slow contraction. The substance P antagonist, (d-Pro2,d-Trp7.9)-SP, greatly reduced the atropine-resistant contraction. The results suggest the involvement of substance P in non-cholinergic neurotransmission in the guinea-pig airways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01973819
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peptide-containing neurons intrinsic to the gut wall (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Peptidergic neurons ; Gut innervation ; Intrinsic nerves ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibers containing substance P, VIP, enkephalin or somatostatin are numerous in the porcine gut wall. They are particularly numerous in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses where peptide-containing cell bodies are also observed. Peptide-containing nerve fibers occur also in the vagus nerves, suggesting that the gut receives an extrinsic supply of peptidergic nerves. The extrinsic contribution to the peptide-containing nerve supply of the gut wall has not yet been quantitatively assessed. In an attempt to clarify this question pigs were subjected to bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Another group of animals was subjected to complete extrinsic denervation by autotransplantation of a jejunal segment. The pigs were killed at various time intervals after the operations; the longest time interval studied was four months. Following vagotomy the innervation pattern of the jejunum appeared completely unaffected. Following complete extrinsic denervation the adrenergic nerve fibers disappeared, while peptide-containing and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers remained apparently unaltered. This was confirmed chemically in the case of substance P. The motor activity of smooth muscle from the jejunum was studied in vitro. At low stimulation frequencies the smooth muscle from control jejunum responded by relaxation; upon cessation of stimulation a contraction occurred. With increasing stimulation frequencies the duration of the relaxation decreased; at high frequency stimulation only a contraction was recorded. In the autotransplant low frequency stimulation induced no or only a weak relaxation; high frequency stimulation induced contraction. After cholinergic and adrenergic blockade, the muscle responded with relaxation at all frequencies; the response was similar in innervated and denervated specimens. On the whole, the effects of extrinsic denervation on the motor activity of smooth muscle from porcine jejunum were minor, possibly reflecting the high degree of autonomy of the gut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249207
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nerves containing substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, enkephalin or somatostatin in the guinea-pig taenia coli (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 21-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peptidergic nerves ; Guinea-pig taenia coli ; Substance P ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Somatostatin ; Enkephalin ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The guinea-pig taenia coli is rich in peptide-containing nerves. Nerve fibres containing substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), or enkephalin, were numerous in the smooth muscle while somatostatin fibres were very few. Nerve fibres displaying SP or VIP immunoreactivity were numerous in the myenteric plexus. Enkephalin nerve fibres were fairly numerous in the plexus while somatostatin nerve fibres were sparse. Nerve cell bodies containing immunoreactive SP or VIP were regularly seen in the plexus. Delicate varicose elements of the different types of nerve fibres were found to ramify around nerve cell bodies in a manner suggestive of innervation. In the electron microscope the various peptide-storing nerve fibres (i.e., elements containing SP, VIP or enkephalin) were found to contain a varying number of fairly large, electron-opaque vesicles in the varicose swellings. These vesicles represent the storage site of the neuropeptides. The isolated taenia coli responded to electrical nerve stimulation with a contraction. After cholinergic and adrenergic blockade the contractile response was replaced by a relaxation followed by a contraction upon cessation of stimulation. SP contracted the taenia while VIP caused a relaxation. The enkephalins raised the resting tension slightly while somatostatin had no effect. These observations are compatible with a role for SP as an excitatory neurotransmitter and for VIP as an inhibitory one, and with the view that both SP neurones and VIP neurones act as motor neurones. In preparations contracted by SP the electrically induced contractions were reduced in amplitude while the electrically induced relaxations seen after adrenergic and cholinergic blockade were enhanced in amplitude. In preparations relaxed by VIP there was an increased contractile response to electrical stimulation, while in the atropine + guanethidine-treated preparation the electrically induce relaxations were reduced in amplitude. The enkephalins reduced the contractile response to electrical stimulation, while somatostatin induced a very small reduction in the amplitude of such responses. These observations suggest that SP neurones and VIP neurones may play additional roles as interneurones. Somatostatin neurones probably act as interneurones. Enkephalin-containing fibres may serve to modify the release of transmitter from other nerves in the smooth muscle, perhaps through axo-axonal arrangements. Alternatively, the enkephalin nerve fibres in the smooth muscle are afferent elements involved in mediating sensory impulses to the myenteric plexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236246
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoreactive substance P in the chicken gut: Distribution, development and possible functional significance (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 455-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Substance P ; Chicken gut ; Radioimmunoassay ; Immunocytochemistry ; Smooth muscle motility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and cellular localization of substance P in the chicken gut was studied by immunocytochemistry and immunochemistry. Substance P-containing nerve fibers are numerous in the gut wall. They occur in the smooth muscle layer as well as in the mucosa, where they are associated with blood vessels or surround the intestinal crypts. The fibers are particularly numerous in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses, where substance P-containing nerve-cell perikarya are also encountered. Substance P was found also in scattered endocrine cells of the small intestine, caeca and colon. Previously, bombesin-containing cells, which are numerous in the proventriculus, have been mistakenly identified as substance P cells due to crossreactivity of certain antisera against substance P. Immunochemistry revealed the highest concentration of substance P in the duodenum. The gel chromatographic behavior of chicken substance P differs slightly from that of synthetic bovine substance P, suggesting that chicken substance P differs structurally from mammalian substance P. Substance P-containing nerve fibers in the chicken gut develop slowly after hatching, apparently beginning in the duodenum; at approximately 20 weeks after hatching the distribution pattern is fully developed. A functional investigation was performed on the isolated chicken caecum to clarify the role of substance P in the contractile behavior of smooth muscle. Substance P contracted the caecum over a wide dose range; the contractile response was greater in 20 week-old chickens than in 4 and 10 week-old animals. Electrical field stimulation caused a relaxation of the caecum and a contraction upon cessation of stimulation. Neither of these responses, both of which are neurally mediated, were inhibited by adrenergic and cholinergic blockade. It is conceivable that the contractile response following electrical stimulation is caused by substance P released from nerve fibers in the smooth muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238643
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuronal cholecystokinin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurotensin, and β-endorphin in the intestine of the guinea pig (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 521-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Autonomic nerves ; Smooth muscle ; Gut innervation ; Cholecystokinin octapeptide ; Gastrin-releasing peptide ; Bombesin ; Neurotensin ; β-Endorphin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The guinea-pig intestine was found to harbor nerve fibers containing immunoreactive cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neurotensin or β- endorphin. Such fibers occurred in the myenteric and submucous ganglia and in the smooth muscle. GRP- and CCK-fibers, in addition, were found in the mucosa. Following colchicine treatment, neuronal perikarya in the myenteric ganglia displayed CCK-, GRP-, or β-endorphin immunoreactivity. CCK-immunoreactive perikarya were located also in the submucous ganglia. Neurotensin-immunoreactive cell bodies could not be detected. The presence of immunoreactive neuronal perikarya in intramural ganglia indicates that CCK-, GRP- and β-endorphin-containing fibers are intrinsic to the gut wall. GRP, neurotensin, and β-endorphin were identified in extracts of smooth muscle by immunochemical and Chromatographic analysis. CCK-8, GRP and neurotensin contracted the isolated taenia coli. Tetrodotoxin reduced the response to CCK-8 but not that to GRP and neurotensin, suggesting that the two latter peptides act directly on smooth muscle receptors. The effect of CCK-8 is partly mediated by cholinergic nerves, since not only tetrodotoxin but also atropine greatly reduced the CCK-8-induced contractile response. The substance P (SP) antagonist, (d-Pro2, d-Trp7,9)-SP1–11 had no effect on the CCK-8-induced contraction of the taenia. CCK-8 enhanced the SP-mediated (atropine-resistant) contractile response to electrical stimulation but not that mediated by acetylcholine. β-Endorphin had no effect on the tension of the muscle but reduced the response to electrical stimulation (cholinergic as well as SP-mediated) through a naloxone-sensitive mechanism. While CCK-8 and β-endorphin seem to play neuromodulatory roles in the taenia coli, the significance of GRP and neurotensin remains enigmatic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226949
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