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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An unusual formaldehyde oxidizing system in Rhodococcus erythropolis grown on compounds containing methyl groups (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 25 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During utilization of compounds containing methyl groups, the non-methylotrophic bacteria Rhodococcus erythropolis oxidized the methyl groups entirely to carbon dioxide. This oxidation was linked to the presence of an NAD-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity which was lost on dialysis. The activity could be restored by the addition of boiled extract but not by adding the known cofactors glutathione or tetrahydrofolate.A further dehydrogenase activity with formaldehyde as substrate was found in ethanolgrown cells. This activity could be differentiated from that in methyl group metabolizing cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01467.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced utilization-rate of methanol during growth on a mixed substrate: A continuous culture study with Hansenula polymorpha (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 362-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mixed substrate ; Chemostat ; Methanol ; Hansenula polymorpha ; Growth-rate limitation ; Carbonflow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The yeast Hansenula polymorpha was grown in a chemostat using either methanol or sorbitol as substrate or a mixture of both. Methanol alone could be utilized up to a dilution rate (D) of 0.18 h-1, and sorbitol allowed growth at D's higher than 0.52 h-1. In combination with sorbitol, methanol was completely utilized in the mixture even up to a D of 0.3 h-1, and partially utilized at higher D's, To elucidate the basis of methanol utilization at high D's, enzyme activities on the single substrates and on the substrate mixture were compared. At D's above 0.3 h-1 an increase of formate dehydrogenase activity was evident, an enzyme involved in the oxidation of methanol to carbon dioxide. It was concluded that at high D's large amounts of methanol were oxidized to generate energy. This was proved with 14C-methanol, and it was found that in the range of partial methanol utilization approximately 75% of methanol was converted to carbon dioxide and 25% incorporated into cell material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414601
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of oxygen on the metabolism of Zymomonas mobilis (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 376-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Zymomonas mobilis ; Aerobic growth ; Oxygen consumption ; NADH oxidase ; Superoxide dismutase ; Catalase ; Formation of acetaldehyde and acetic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The specific growth rate of the ethanol producing bacterium Zymomonas mobilis was 25–40% lower in the presence of oxygen than under anaerobic conditions, provided the cultures were supplied with a low substrate concentration (20 g glucose/l). However, the molar growth yield of these cultures was not influenced by oxygen. With washed cell suspensions, an oxygen consumption could be initiated by the addition of either glucose, fructose, or ethanol. Cell extracts catalyzed the oxidation of NADH with oxygen at a molar ratio of 2:1. Further experiments showed that this NADH oxidase is located in the cell membrane. The specific oxygen consumption rates of cell suspensions correlated with the intracellular NADH oxidizing activities; both levels decreased with increasing concentrations of the fermentation end-product ethanol. The addition of 5 mM NaCN completely inhibited both the intracellular oxygen reduction and also the oxygen consumption of whole cells. Both catalase and superoxide dismutase were present even in anaerobically grown cells. Aeration seemed to have little effect on the level of catalase, but the superoxide dismutase activity was 5-fold higher in cells grown aerobically. Under aerobic conditions considerable amounts of acetaldehyde and acetic acid were formed in addition to the normal fermentation products, ethanol and carbon dioxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408383
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermentation of arabinose to ethanol by Sarcina ventriculi (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In the absence of oxygen, a strain of sarcina ventriculi, isolated from soil, could rapidly and completely ferment up to 20 g/l of arabinose. The principal products were ethanol, acetate, CO2 and H2. The yield of alcohol, up to 30% by weight of the sugar fermented, was not appreciably influenced by the pH of fermentation in the range 4–7. Sugar concentrations up to 100 g/l did not affect initial growth, but fermentation was incomplete at high sugar levels. This was probably due to the accumulation of end products other than ethanol, because the cells could grow in the presence of up to 25 g/l of added ethanol. Glucose, galactose and arabinose were sequentially utilized, in that order, when initially present as a mixed substrate. These sugars are major components of the hemicellulose from some agricultural residues. Practical implications for the general problem of pentose conversion to alcohol are discussed briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256448
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and properties of endo-1,4-β-xylanase from Trichosporon cutaneum (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The endoxylanase (1,4β-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8) was purified 3,7 fold from the culture filtrate of the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum grown on oathusk xylan. The final enzyme preparation gave a single protein band on disc gel electrophoresis and has a molecular weight of approx. 45000. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 5.0 and a temperatur optimum of 50°C. Patterns of hydrolysis demonstrate that this xylanase is an endo-splitting enzyme able to break down xylans at random giving xylobiose, xylotriose and xylose as the main end-products. Since the enzyme seems not to be capable of liberating L-arabinose from arabino-xylan branched arabinose-containing xylooligosaccharides are formed, too. This enzyme contains carbohydrates in a noncovalent manner, indicating that this extracellular xylanase, is not a glycoprotein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499513
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of sulphur-containing compounds on the growth of Methanosarcina barkeri in a defined medium (1981)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1981), S. 28-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Optimal growth of Methanosarcina barkeri occurred in a defined medium containing methanol when 2.5–4 mM sodium sulphide was added giving a concentration of 0.04–0.06 mM dissolved sulphide (HS−+S2−. When the sulphide concentration was too low for optimal growth (e.g., 0.1 mM Na2S added) the addition of the redox resin ‘Serdoxit’ acted as a sulphide reservoir and caused a significant stimulation of growth. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that iron sulphide, zinc sulphide or L-methionine could also act as sulphur sources while the addition of sodium sulphate to sulphide-depleted media failed to restore growth. The amino acid L-cysteine (0.85 mM) stimulated growth but could not replace Na2S. Under optimal cysteine-and sulphide concentrations the generation time of this strain was about 7–9 h during growth on methanol, giving a growth yield of about 0.14 g/g methanol consumed. Different M. barkeri strains were also able to grow under these conditions on acetate (30–50 h doubling time) without a significant lag-phase and with complete substrate consumption even though the inoculum was grown on methanol or H2−CO2. When methanol and acetate were present as a mixture in the medium both were used simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508115
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production L-tryptophan by Escherichia coli cells (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 999-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Whole cells of Escherichia coli B 10 having high tryptophan synthetase activity were used directly as an enzyme source to produce L-tryptophan from indole and L- or D,L-serine. This strain is tryptophan auxotrophic, which is tryptophanase negative and, in addition, L- and D-serine deaminase negative under production conditions. To avoid inhibition of tryptophan synthetase by a high concentration of indole, nonaqueous organic solvents, Amberlite XAD-2 adsorbent, and nonionic detergents were used as reservoirs of indole in the reaction mixture for the production of L-tryptophan. As a result, different effects were observed on the production of L-tryptophan. Particularly, among the nonionic detergents, Triton X-100 was very efficient. Using Triton X-100 for production of L-tryptophan from indole and L- or D,L-serine by whole cells of Escherichia coli B 10, 14.14 g/100 mL and 14.2 g/100 mL of L-tryptophan were produced at 37°C for 60 h.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250410
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial purification and characterization of a coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase fromRhodococcus erythropolis (1981)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 6 (1981), S. 333-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase was enriched 1,200-fold from crude extracts ofRhodococcus erythropolis. The purification procedure involved ion exchange chromotography, gel filtration on Biogel A 1,5 and Sephadex G-200, and hydroxyapatite treatment. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 200,000 and displayed maximal activity at pH 9.0. The apparentK m values for NAD and coniferyl alcohol were, respectively, 0.22 and 0.645 mM. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) could only partially replace NAD. The enzyme was active with vanillyl alcohol and aromatic alcohols bearing the α,β-unsaturated side chain of coniferyl alcohols. These aromatic alcohols included the dilignols dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol and guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl ether.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01567007
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biologie der Methan-Bildung (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 854-863 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Biology of methane formation. It has long been known that methane is produced in nature where organic compounds are degraded by microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. On an industrial scale, this process has been used for more than 50 years in the stabilization of sewage sludge from municipal waste water treatment plants. Recently it could be demonstrated that at least three different groups of bacteria are involved in the degradation of organic material into methane and CO2. Hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria first degrade the organic compounds into various alcohols, fatty acids, hydrogen and CO2. The second group of bacteria convert these metabolites into acetic acid, hydrogen, and CO2, which are then utilized by the methanogenic bacteria to produce methane and CO2.
    Notes: Es ist seit langem bekannt, daß überall in der Natur, wo organisches Material unter anaeroben Bedingungen mikrobiell abgebaut wird, Methan entsteht. Diese Fähigkeit anaerober Bakterien, organische Substanzen zu Methan und Kohlendioxid abzubauen, wird im großtechnischen Maßstab seit über 50 Jahren zur Stabilisierung von Klärschlamm genutzt. In jüngster Zeit konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß bei diesem Prozeß mindestens drei verschiedene Gruppen von Bakterien beteiligt sind. Bei dieser Abbau- bzw. Nahrungskette werden zunächst die verschiedenen organischen Verbindungen zu niedrigen Alkoholen, Fettsäuren, Wasserstoff und Kohlendioxid von einer Bakteriengruppe abgebaut. Die zweite Mikroorganismen-Gruppe setzt diese Alkohole, Säuren etc. weiter zu Essigsäure, Wasserstoff und Kohlendioxid um, welche dann von den Methan-Bakterien als Substrat verwertet und in Methan und Kohlendioxid (Biogas) umgewandelt werden.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330531105
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