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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Verapamil i.v. ; oral ; Plasmaspiegel ; Δ PQ ; Konzentrationswirkungsbeziehung ; Verapamil i.v. ; oral ; Plasma levels ; Δ PR ; Differences concentration-response curve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A close relationship between verapamil plasma concentration and effect on P–R interval could be established both after single i.v. and oral administration and during chronic oral treatment. After i.v. administration a linear relationship between verapamil plasma concentration and Δ P–R (y=x (0.74)+1.8) with a small between subject variation in the slope of the regression (%coefficient of variation 18.7, range 0.71–1.10) was observed. The slope of the oral plasma concentration response regression (y=x (0.33)−3.0) was statistically significantly (p〈0.05) less than the slope of the i.v. plasma level response regression. Interindividual variation in the slope was most pronounced (range 0.13 to 0.47). On average two to three times higher verapamil plasma levels were required after oral administration in order to produce the same increase in Δ PR as after intravenous administration. The most plausible explanation for the different slopes of the plasma level response regression seems to be stereo-selective presystemic elimination. Since after oral administration the plasma level response curve is less steep than after i.v. administration this indicates that the more active l-isomer is preferentially metabolized during hepatic first-pass metabolism.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Sowohl nach intravenöser und oraler Einzelgabe als auch während chronischer oraler Behandlung mit Verapamil ließ sich eine signifikante Beziehung zwischen Verapamil-Plasmakonzentration und der Wirkung auf die PQ-Zeit feststellen. Nach intravenöser Verabreichung fand sich eine lineare Beziehung zwischen Verapamil-Plasmaspiegel und Δ PQ (y=x (0,74) + 1,8), wobei die Variation der Steilheit der Konzentrationswirkungsbeziehung nur geringe interindividuelle Unterschiede aufwies. (Variationscoeffizient 18,7%; 0,71–1,10). Die Steilheit der nach oraler Gabe beobachteten Plasmakonzentrationswirkungsbeziehung (y=x (0,33)−3,0) unterschied sich statistisch signifikant (p〈0,05) von der Steilheit der intravenösen Konzentrationswirkungsbeziehung. Erhebliche interindividuelle Schwankungen in der Steilheit dieser Konzentrationswirkungsbeziehung wurden nach oraler Gabe beobachtet (Bereich 0,13–0,47). Im Mittel waren nach oraler Gabe 2–3mal höhere Verapamil-Plasmaspiegel notwendig, um die gleiche Zunahme der PQ-Zeit wie nach intravenöser Applikation zu erzielen. Die plausibelste Erklärung für diese Unterschiede in der Steilheit der Plasmakonzentrations-wirkungsbeziehung dürfte in einem stereo-selektiven Firstpass Metabolismus nach oraler Gabe zu suchen sein. Da nach oraler Applikation die Steilheit der Plasmaspiegelwirkungsbeziehung wesentlich flacher als nach intravenöser Applikation verläuft, muß man annehmen, daß das pharmakologisch wesentlich wirksamere L-Isomer einen wesentlich stärkeren First-Pass Metabolismus als das D-Isomer unterliegt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 683-687 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metronidazole ; haemodialysis ; renal disease ; pharmacokinetics ; metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and haemodialysis clearance of metronidazole were investigated in four renal failure patients after a single 500 mg intravenous dose and in two renal failure patients on continuous treatment with metronidazole. During dialysis, the volume of distribution of metronidazole was 0.60±0.04 l/kg, total clearance was 196.0±60.6 ml/min and the elimination half-life had an harmonic mean of 2.14 h. Extraction across the dialyser was 51.5±7.8% and was limited to the distribution of drug in plasma water. Dialysis clearance was 125.0±32.7 ml/min, which represented 62±6% of total clearance and was 1.75 times the sum of the other clearance mechanisms. The hydroxy metabolite was extracted and cleared by the dialyser to the same degree as metronidazole itself. During the 4 h-dialysis 44.9±2.6% of the dose was removed by the dialyser in the four patients administered a single dose. Metronidazole is efficiently cleared and extensively removed by dialysis, and therefore dosage adjustments and alterations in the timing of dosage administration are essential in patients undergoing haemodialysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: lignocaine ; verapamil ; propranolol ; bioavailability ; predictions ; first pass effect ; oral clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary For drugs with a high hepatic clearance, bioavailability is low due to the so-called “first pass effect”. Prediction of the bioavailability for these drugs has been only lossely tested. It is proposed that by plotting the reciprocal of bioavailability versus the oral clearance, a straight line with intercept of unity and slope of reciprocal of hepatic blood flow should ensue. For lignocaine and verapamil, this relationship was found to be strong and gave good predictability, whereas for propranolol this relationship was weak and gave poor predictability. The proposed method may be of value in determining whether the low bioavailability of a drug is due to hepatic first pass metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 339-345 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; procainamide ; interaction ; renal clearance ; tubular secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis that basic drugs can compete for active tubular secretion by the kidney was tested in six healthy volunteers by comparing the single dose pharmacokinetics of oral procainamide before and during a daily dose of cimetidine. The area under the procainamide plasma concentration-time curve was increased by cimetidine by an average of 35% from 27.0±0.3 µg/ml·h to 36.5±3.4 µg/ml·h. The elimination half-life increased from an harmonic mean of 2.92 to 3.68 h. The renal clearance of procainamide was reduced by cimetidine from 347±46 ml/min to 196±11 ml/min. All these results were statistically significant (p〈0.016). The area under the plasma concentration-time curve for n-acetylprocainamide was increased by a mean of 25% by cimetidine due to a significant (p〈0.016) reduction in renal clearance from 258±60 ml/min to 197±59 ml/min. The data suggests that cimetidine inhibits the tubular secretion of both procainamide and n-acetylprocainamide, and, if so, represents the first documented evidence for this type of drug interaction in man. The clinical implications from this study necessitate dosage adjustments of procainamide in patients being concomitantly treated with cimetidine. The interaction is pertinent not only for basic drugs that are cleared by the kidney, but also for metabolites of basic drugs and endogenous substances which require active transport into the lumen of the proximal tubule of the kidney for their elimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 47-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: verapamil ; first-pass metabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; interindividual variation ; intraindividual variation ; chronic administration ; deuterated verapamil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of verapamil in five healthy volunteers were investigated on 4 occasions during chronic administration of deuterated verapamil. There was no statistically significant difference in oral clearance, terminal half-life, bioavailability, morning trough level and peak concentration or in the time of their occurrence on the four occasions. The plasma clearance, however, exhibited considerable inter- and intra-individual variation, ranging between 26.3% and 85.4% and 12.0% and 48.0%, respectively. Comparison of these pharmacokinetic parameters with data from previous single dose studies in the same subjects revealed a significant (p〈0.05) decrease in the clearance and an increase in the apparent bioavailability of verapamil during chronic administration, although no difference in the half-life was found. Due to the considerable variation in the oral clearance of verapamil during chronic dosing, steady-state conditions in a strict pharmacokinetic sense may never be attained, and pharmacokinetic data obtained in single dose studies will be of limited value in predicting steady-state plasma concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 225-228 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; antacids ; metoclopramide ; absorption ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 8 healthy subjects the absorption of cimetidine was investigated when given alone, together with 60 ml aluminium/magnesium hyroxyde containing antacid (neutralising capacity 26 mmol HCl/10 ml), and together with liquid metoclopramide 14 mg. The antacid significantly (P〈0.01) reduced the bioavailability (area under the plasma level-time curve) of cimetidine, on average by one third. Metoclopramide also reduced the bioavailability by an average of 22%. The reductions were associated with significantly reduced excretion of cimetidine in urine. There was no change in the half-life or renal clearance of cimetidine, supporting the hypothesis of reduced gastrointestinal absorption. The results indicate that cimetidine and antacids should not be given together, and that the dose of cimetidine may have to be increased if it is administered concomitantly with metoclopramide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: verapamil ; tablets ; relative bioavailability ; intraindividual changes ; first-pass metabolism ; stable isotope technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although the absorption of verapamil is almost complete after oral administration, its bioavailability is low due to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. Besides large interindividual differences in first-pass metabolism, pronounced day-to-day intraindividual variations in first-pass metabolism are observed, leading to erroneous results in relative bioavailability studies. Stable isotope techniques, which permit simultaneous administration of a solution and a tablet, can successfully be used to overcome these difficulties. The method has the advantage that two experiments can be carried out in a single test. Furthermore, the number of subjects required in bioavailability studies can be greatly reduced. Using this technique the bioavailability of verapamil tablets (Isoptin® 80) relative to a stable labelled solution of verapamil was found to be 108.1%, with a 95% confidence interval between 89.1 and 127.1%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: verapamil ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; hepatic first-pass metabolism ; stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following i. v. administration, the plasma concentration-time curve of verapamil could best be described by either a mono- or biexponential equation. Total plasma clearance (1.26 l/min) approached liver blood flow (1.5 l/min), so it can be concluded that its clearance is liver blood flow-dependent. Although absorption was almost complete after oral administration, absolute bioavailability (20%) was low, due to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. The approach using stable isotope-labelled and unlabelled drug permits simultaneous administration by the intravascular and extravascular routes, thus allowing determination of absolute bioavailability in a single experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; phenobarbital ; gastro-intestinal absorption ; bioavailability ; renal clearance ; non-renal clearance ; enzyme induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of orally administered cimetidine was studied in 8 healthy subjects before and after 3 weeks of treatment with phenobarbital 100 mg daily, and in a separate study 4 subjects received cimetidine intravenously before and after the administration of phenobarbital. There was no change in the volume of distribution, but total plasma clearance was increased by a mean of 18%, mainly due to a 37% increase in nonrenal clearance. Renal clearance and half-life were not significantly altered. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve after oral administration was significantly (P≪0.05) reduced by a mean of 15% after phenobarbital treatment. The amount of cimetidine excreted in urine and its sulphoxide metabolite were significantly (P〈0.05) reduced, on average by 34% and 26%, respectively by phenobarbital treatment. The data indicate that an apparent 20% reduction in the absorption of cimetidine was due to induction of gastrointestinal metabolism of cimetidine, with some contribution also from hepatic metabolism. Reduced absorption per se could not be totally excluded. Although the magnitude of the change was small, the finding of an 11% decrease in the time to achieve an effective plasma level of cimetidine after phenobarbital treatment may contribute to the ineffectiveness of cimetidine in certain patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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