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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impairment of schedule-controlled behavior by pre- and postnatal exposure to hexachlorobenzene in rats (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 70 (1996), S. 174-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Hexachlorobenzene ; Rat ; Operant behavior ; Gestation ; Liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is still frequently found at elevated levels in human adipose tissue and breast milk. As intoxication with HCB causes neurological disturbance in human beings, the purpose of the present study was to examine neurobehavioral functions in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure. Female rats were fed diets with 0, 4, 8, or 16 mg HCB/kg diet. Exposure started 90 days prior to mating and was continued throughout mating, gestation, and lactation. Thereafter, the offspring were given the same diets as their respective mothers. HCB levels were determined in the brain, the liver, and in the adipose tissue from virgin rats, dams, and the offspring. Concentrations on a lipid basis were found to decline in the order adipose〉liver〉brain. The exposure levels chosen did not cause gross toxic effects in dams or offspring. There were dose-related increases in liver-to-body-weight ratios in exposed dams, but not in unmated females treated alike. Behavioral testing was conducted in the offspring. Examination of open-field activity on PND 21, and of active avoidance learning on PND 90 failed to reveal significant differences between groups. Training of operant behavior started at the age of 150 days in the offspring from the control, the 8-mg group, and the 16-mg group. Animals were trained on a fixed interval schedule of 1 min (FI-1). On this schedule, responses were reinforced by a food pellet every time 1 min had elapsed after the preceding reinforcement. There were dose-dependent reductions in the post-reinforcement pause, e.g. the time between each reinforcement and the first reaction emitted after it. In addition, the index of curvature, which describes the efficiency of performance on the FI-1 schedule, was decreased in a dose-dependent fashion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002040050257
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cimetidine-procainamide pharmacokinetic interaction in man: Evidence of competition for tubular secretion of basic drugs (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 339-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; procainamide ; interaction ; renal clearance ; tubular secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis that basic drugs can compete for active tubular secretion by the kidney was tested in six healthy volunteers by comparing the single dose pharmacokinetics of oral procainamide before and during a daily dose of cimetidine. The area under the procainamide plasma concentration-time curve was increased by cimetidine by an average of 35% from 27.0±0.3 µg/ml·h to 36.5±3.4 µg/ml·h. The elimination half-life increased from an harmonic mean of 2.92 to 3.68 h. The renal clearance of procainamide was reduced by cimetidine from 347±46 ml/min to 196±11 ml/min. All these results were statistically significant (p〈0.016). The area under the plasma concentration-time curve for n-acetylprocainamide was increased by a mean of 25% by cimetidine due to a significant (p〈0.016) reduction in renal clearance from 258±60 ml/min to 197±59 ml/min. The data suggests that cimetidine inhibits the tubular secretion of both procainamide and n-acetylprocainamide, and, if so, represents the first documented evidence for this type of drug interaction in man. The clinical implications from this study necessitate dosage adjustments of procainamide in patients being concomitantly treated with cimetidine. The interaction is pertinent not only for basic drugs that are cleared by the kidney, but also for metabolites of basic drugs and endogenous substances which require active transport into the lumen of the proximal tubule of the kidney for their elimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01037945
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internal exposure to organic substances in a municipal waste incinerator (1992)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 64 (1992), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Municipal waste incinerator ; Benzene ; Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Hydroxypyrene ; Hexachlorobenzene ; Chlorophenols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fifty-three persons occupied in a municipal waste incinerator were examined with respect to their internal exposure to organic substances which may be produced during pyrolysis of organic matter. For this purpose the levels of benzene in blood, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in plasma, and mono- (MCPs), di- (DCPs), tri- (TCPs), tetra-(TECPs) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) and hydroxypyrene in urine were determined. For control purposes, 431 men and women were examined. Significantly higher values for the workers were found for the excretion of hydroxypyrene [median (m): 0.24vs 0.11 μg/l; non-smokers], 2,4/2,5-DCP (m: 10.5 vs 3.9 μg/l) and 2,4,5-TCP (m: 1.2 vs 0.8 μg/l) and for the HCB level in plasma (m: 4.4 vs 2.8 μg/l). For the concentrations of 4-MCP and 2,3,4,6/2,3,5,6-TECP, the controls had significantly higher concentrations in urine than did the workers in the incineration plant (m: 4-MCP 1.7 vs 1.2; 2,3,4,6/2,3,5,6-TECP: 1.2 vs 0.3 μg/l). No significant differences between workers and controls were detected with respect to benzene in blood (m: 0.20 vs 0.28 μg/l; non-smokers), 2,4,6-TCP and PCPs in urine (m: 0.85 vs 0.60 and 2.2 vs 2.2 μg/l) or the levels of PCB congeners in plasma (m: Σ 138, 153, 180: 5.6 vs 4.1 μg/l). The elevated levels of hydroxypyrene, 2,4/2,5-DCP, 2,4,5-TCP and HCB in biological material may be related to the incineration of the waste. These elevations, however, are very small and are of interest more from the environmental than from the occupational point of view.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378285
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn in fish from the Alexandria region, Egypt (1987)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 39 (1987), S. 889-897 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01855871
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residue levels of organochlorine chemicals and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish from the Alexandria region, Egypt (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 16 (1987), S. 689-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine chemicals were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography in five fish species from Abu Qir Bay as well as in Tilapia species from Idku and Maryut lakes in Alexandria, Egypt. σDDT and PCBs were the most predominant contaminants occurring in the muscle tissue of all fish samples. Remarkable variations in the concentrations of PCBs were noted among the species, and the concentrations of σDDT were higher than that of PCBs in all fish species. Elevated PCB concentrations were observed in muscle tissue ofSargus vulgarius from Abu Qir Bay, and inTilapia zillii from Forn El-Gieraia, Maryut lake. Also, variations were found in the relative proportions ofp,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDD, andp,p′-DDE in all fish samples. The results revealed an increase in chlorinated hydrocarbons with increase in body size and fat content. Neither α-endosulfan nor β-endosulfan was detected in fish from Abu Qir Bay; however, only α-endosulfan was detected in trace amounts in Tilapia species from Idku and Maryut lakes. With the exception ofSargus vulgarius, mirex and methoxychlor occurred in low levels in all other fish species. Potential health hazards are discussed with the tolerance levels recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055419
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of environmental caused chlorophenol levels in urine of the general population (1992)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 342 (1992), S. 433-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A sensitive, specific and analytically reliable method for the determination of mono-, di-, tri- and tetrachlorophenols in human urine has been elaborated. After acid hydrolysis and a simultaneous steam distillation of the urine samples, spiked with an internal standard, the chromatographically concentrated chlorophenols have been derivatized with pentafluorobenzoylchloride and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The detection limits for the chlorophenols ranged from 0.2 to 2.5 μg/l. Using this method we were able to detect 4-MCP, 2,4-+2,5-DCP, 2,4,6-TCP, 2,4,5-TCP and 2,3,4,6-+2,3,5,6-TeCP in urine samples of a group of 258 men and women which had no known occupational contact to hazardous chemical substances. The 95 percentiles for the concentrations of these substances in the urine samples under investigation were 7.5 (4-MCP); 33.6(2,4-+2,5-DCP); 4,7 (2,4,6-TCP); 4,5 (2,4,5-TCP) and 22.2 (2,3,4,6-+2,3,5,6-TeCP) μg per liter. That means, that these chlorophenols are constituents of urine of the normal population in concentrations which in part are greater than that of pentachlorophenol (PCP).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00322202
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