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Notes: We have studied three examples of benign thyroid tumours which conform to the lesion recently described as hyalinizing trabecular adenoma. The prominent feature of this trabecular epithelial lesion is the extracellular deposition of an eosinophilic material that does not show the features of amyloid; the epithelial cells may be elongated, sometimes radially arranged around the eosinophilic material. All three tumours showed positive immunocytochemical staining for thyroglobulin, keratin, chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase. One tumour showed isolated cells with immunoreactivity for somatostatin, argyrophil cytoplasmic granularity with the Grimelius technique, and ultrastructurally demonstrable cytoplasmic electron-dense endocrine granules. The hyaline extracellular material in all three tumours showed strong immunoreactivity for both type IV collagen and laminin. Previous radiation may be important in the causation of this tumour, and it shows a frequent association with severe thyroiditis. We conclude that the main histological feature of this lesion, the hyaline material, is due to the overproduction of a basement membrane-like material by the neoplastic follicular cells. The presence in one tumour of evidence of endocrine differentiation may reflect the potential for follicular cells to show biphasic differentiation, a feature which may be more frequent than has been previously recognized. Several of the other features of this tumour–-for example the frequent intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions–-may lead to diagnostic problems, and the entity deserves wider recognition.

Notes: Results arc reported of two experiments done during 1971–76. which investiga ted the germination and longevity in soil of seeds of Agropyron repens L. Beauv. and Agrostis gigantea Roth. The effects of different cultivation regimes and paraquat were investigated in a field experiment and the effects of different frequencies of cultivation in a sandy loam and silty loam soil were studied in the glasshouse.Seeds of neither species were innately dormant and most germination occurred during the first autumn. Agrostis seeds germinated most readily on the soil surface and persisted longest where the seeds were incorporated in soil al the outset and not cultivated in the spring. In contrast. Agropyron seeds germinated most readily when incorporated in soil at the cutset and their depletion was largely independent of cultivations in the spring; they persisted longest where they remained on the soil surface dtiring the firstautumn. Paraquat, sprayed on to dry seeds, greatly decreased the number of Agropyron seeds, giving emerged seedlings early during the first autumn but did not afTect the number emerging after this. Agrostis was aflected little by paraquat. Agrostis seeds were more persistent than Agropyron in most treatments of both experiments; in the field, on average, only abotit 0.3% of Agropyrim seeds gave emerged seedlings during the fourth year whereas about three times as many Agrostvis seedlings would be expected to emerge during the fifth year. The number of seedlings, particularly of Agrostis. emerging in consecutive years did not decrease continuously from year to year. There was some indication that longevity of Agrostis seeds might be greater in a sandy loam than in a silly loam soil.The much smaller percentage of seeds accounted for in the field than in the glasshouse is emphasised and the implications of the findings to practical control measures, particularly that depletion of seed reserves is dependent on initial cultivations, are briefly discussed. Germination et longévité des sentences d' Agropyron repens L. Beauv. et d'Agrostis gigantea Roth, dans le sol, en relation avec different régimes de culture.Les auteurs rapportent les résultats de deux expériénces effectuées de 1971 à 1976, destinées àétudier la germination et la longevité dans le sol des seremencesd d' Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. et d'Agrostis gigantea Roth. Les effets de différents régimes de culture et du paraquat ont étéétudiés dans une expérience au champ et les effets de différentes fréquences de culture, dans un sol de limon sableux et dans un limon fm ont étéétudies en serre.Les semenees des deux espéces ne se sont pas révélées naturellement dormantes et la plus grande partie de la germination s'est produite durant le premier automne, Les semenees d'Agrostis ont germé plus aisément à la surface du sol et ont persisté plus longtemps là oü les semenees ont été incorporées dans le sol dés le début el non irultivées au printemps. En revanche, tes sentences d’ Agropyron ont germé plus aisément lcirsqu'elles ont été incorporées dans les sol dés le debut et leur épuisement a été en grande partie indépendant des facons culturales effectuées au printemps; elles ont persisté plus longtemps lä oü elles sont restées à la surface du sol durant le premier automne. Le paraquat, pulvérisé sur les semenees séches, a diminué de facon importante le nombre de semenees d'Agropyron donnant des levées précoces de plantules durant le premier automne; par la suite, le paraquat n'a pas eu d'effet sur le nombre des levées. L'Agrostis a été peu aftecté par le paraquat.Les semenees d’ Agrostis se sont montrées plus persistantes que celles ti’ Agropyron dans la plupart des conditions des deux expériences; au champ environ 0,03% seulement en moyennede semenees d'Agropyron ont levé au cours de la quatriéme année alors que trois fois autani de levées d'Agrostisétaient attendues au cours de la cinquiéme année. Le nombre de plantules d’Agrosits en particulier. levant au cours des annees consecutives n'a pas continuellement diminué d'année en année, ll y a quelques raisons de penser que la longévité des semenees d'Agrostis pourrait étre plus grande dans un limon sableux que dans un limon fin.Les auteurs insistent sur le fait que le pourcentage de semenees enregistré au champ a été beaucoup plus faible qu'en serre. Les implications des constatations faites dans les mesures pratiques de lutte sont briévement discutées, en particulier le fait que la diminution des reserves des semenees dépend des facons culturales initiates. Keimung und Lebensdauer der Samen von Agropyron repens L. Beauv. und Agrostis gigantea Roth, im Boden in Be:iehung zu unterschiedlicher BodenhearbeitungEs wird üher Versuche berichiet, die in der Zeit von 1971–1976 durchgeführt wurden. und in denen die Keimung und die Lebensdauer der Samen von Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. und Agrostis gigantea Roth, im Boden untersucht wurden. In einem Feldversuch wurde die Wirkung verschiedener Bodenbearbeitungen und von Paraquat untersucht. und in einem Gewâhshausversuch die Wirkung unterschiedlichcr Abstände in der Bodenbearbeitung bei cinem saodigen Lehmboden und einem Schluff-Lenmbodcn.Bei keiner der beiden Arten waren die Samen endogen dormant, und die mcisten keimten im ersten Herbst. Die Samen von Agrostis keimten am schnellsten auf der Bodenoberfläche und überlebten am längsten, wenn sie am Anfang eingearbeitet wurden. der Boden im Frühjahr aber niirht bearbeitet wurde. In Gegensatz dazu keimten die Samen von Agropyron am schnelllsten, wenn sie am Anfang eingearbeitel wurden, und die Erschöpfung des Samenvorrats war unabhängig von Bodenbearbeirtungen im Frühjahr; sie überlebten am längsten, wenn sie im ersten Herbsi auf der Bodenoherflächc verblieben. Wurde Paraquat auf trockene Samen gespritzl. dann nahmen die Agropyron-Sdmen stark ab, da im Frühberbst des ersten Jahres Pflanzen aufliefen, was aber keine Auswirkung auf die Anzahl der auflaufenden Pflanzen in der Folgezeit hatte. Bei Agrostis wirkte Paraquat nur schwach.In den meisten Varianien der beiden Versuche überlebten mehr Samen von Agrostis ah von .Agropyron. Im vicrten Jahr des Feldvcrsuchs liefen durchschnittlich etwa 0,03% der Agropvron-Samcn auf, während bei .Agrostis im fünften jahr etwa dreimal soviel erwartet werden können. Die Zahl der in den Folgejahren a ufgelaufenen Keimpflanzen nahm bcsounders bei Agrostis nicht kontinuierlich von Jahr zu Jahr ab. Es gab einige Hinweise dafür. dass die Lebensdauer von .Agrostiis-Samen im sandigen Lehmboden grösser sein könnte als im Schluff-Lehm- boden.Es wird auf den wesentlich geringeren Prozentsatz an Samen unter Feld- als unter Gewächshausbedingungen hingewiesen. Die Folgen diescr BEfunde für die praktische Bekämplung, insbesondere, dass dcr SamenvorraT im Boden von der ersten Bodenbearbeitung abhängig ist, werden kurzdiskutiert.

Notes: Experiments were undertaken to define the conditions under which seeds and seedlings of Agropyron repens and Agrostis gigantea may start infestations in cereal crops.When seedlings were planted early or late in spring wheat and spring barley, most growth of shoots and rhizomes was produced by Agropyron planted early in wheat. Late planting halved the amount of shoot growth and severely inhibited rhizome formation. In winter wheat given a moderate or zero amount of nitrogen fertilizer in spring, growth of the weed seedlings was slow. Rhizomes were not produced during the time the crop was growing but only after harvest. Agrostis made more growth than Agropyron in most treatments throughout most of the experiment. Late planting decreased growth more than in the spring cereals. Nitrogen fertilizer, although it had little effect on the amount of growth made by winter wheat, increased the growth of the early-planted seedlings but decreased that of the late-planted ones of both weed species. When planted into plots given nitrogen, more seedlings of both species died after late than after early planting.Clearly, the amount of growth and rhizome produced by seedlings of these two species will depend on the type of cereal, the time of emergence of the seedlings in relation to the cereal, and on other factors affecting the relative vigour of cereal and weed. Evidently, where the weed seedlings emerge early in weakly or moderately competitive cereal crops or when growth is unchecked in the cereal stubble, seedlings could give rise to infestations.

Notes: Results are presented after 14 and 19 years of the botanical composition and seed bank of moderately fertilized or unfertilized grazed paddocks. Agrostis capillaris, Festuca rubra and broad-leaved weeds contributed a larger proportion of the cover on unfertilized than on fertilized swards. In contrast Poa spp., Holcus lanatus, Alopecurus pratensis and Lolium perenne were relatively more abundant on the fertilized than on the unfertilized swards. A. capillaris was the most plentiful grass in the seed bank of the unfertilized swards but Poa spp. (especially P. annua) in that of the fertilized swards. Some of the relationships between the seed bank and vegetative cover are discussed and the possibility of further increasing the contribution of L. perenne highlighted.

Notes: Seeds of six cultivars of white clover were sown in 1983 in slots in tares of permanent pasture in soil-filled tanks in spring and in small plots in the field during midsummer. The clover cultivars investigated were the large-leaved Olwin and Milk nova, the medium-leaved Grasslands Huia and Aberystwyth S100, and the small-leaved Kent Wild White and Aberystwyth S184. Seeds from an indigenous clover population were also sown in the tanks. All herbage was defoliated at three- to six-week intervals to simulate rotational grazing and assessments were made until autumn 1984.Leaf and stolon production and spread of stolons from the slots were more rapid in Milkanova, S184, Huia and Kent than in Olwen and S100 In the tanks, harvested yields of clover leaf and petiole were largest for Milkanova and Olwen and least for the indigenous population; both Olwen and S100 had a smaller percentage of their total weight outside the slot area than had the other varieties. In the field, Milkanova greatly out yielded all other varieties and S100 yielded the least, contributing 48 and 27%, resf actively, to total herbage yield. The yield of grass differed little between varieties in tanks but in the field it tended to be higher with the smaller than with the larger-leaved varieties. Total herbage yield was largest for Olwen and Milkanova in tanks and for Milkanova in the field. The greatest weight of stolons in tanks was produced by Olwen and in the field by Olwen and Kent, but the greatest length of stolons and number of nodes in both environments occurred in the smalt-leaved varieties, especially Kent. Least length of stolons and fewest nodes in the tanks were produced by Olwen and in the field by Milkanova.It was concluded that all the varieties investigated could be successfully slot-seeded into permanent pastures but that the choice of variety will depend on subsequent use and management of the resulting swards.

Notes: Seedlings of white clover (cv. Grasslands Huia) were introduced as spaced plants into 3-year-old monoculture plots of eight grass species (Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis stolonifera, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis) during June 1984. In mid-April 1985 plots were split for application of propyzamide at the following concentrations: 0, 0·2, 0·4, 0·6 kg a.i. ha-1.During 1984 differences between clover seedling growth in the different grass species became apparent within 2 weeks; growth was greatest in F. rubra, P. pratensis and H. lanatus and smallest in D. glomerata, L. perenne and P. pratense. During 1985, when more N fertilizer was given, H. lanatus and D. glomerata, were equally competitive and clover contributed only 16–18% of the total herbage yield of 10·4 t ha-1 in them, compared with 33–50% of yields ranging from 9·6 to 119 t ha-1 in the other six species. Propyzamide decreased grass growth in mid-season by more than 50% but there was little overall persistent benefit to clover yield, except for A. stolonifera and P. pratense with 0·4 and 0·6 kg ha-1 treatments. Dactylis glomerata and perenne were least and H. lanatus, F. rubra and P. pratensis most suppressed by the herbicide.Possible reasons for the overall large clover contribution from a very sparse seedling population and the relatively small effects of propyzamide are discussed as well as future work required to improve the predictability of effects of grass suppression.

Notes: Seeds of white clover (Trifolium repens) were sown alone or in fluid, or pre-germinated in fluid on to the soil surface of slots cut in an old Agrostis/Festuca sward. Seeds were left uncovered or covered with a thin layer of soil and irrigated from the outset or after 14 days delay.With irrigation from the outset, seedlings established soonest from pre-germinated seeds but final percentage establishment ranged only from 50 to 63% for the three states of seed. With delayed Irrigation, however, few pre-germinated s1 survived and although germination of dry seed was delayed, final percentage establishment was unaffected. Soil covering increased establishment slightly. The number of leaves per seedling was greatest with pre-germination and early irrigation and least with pre-germination and delayed irrigation. Delayed irrigation also decreased the number of leaves per seedling for seedlings grown from dry seed.The effects of early irrigation persisted so that at 84 days it significantly increased total yield of clover from all three states of seed, on average threefold, but much more from pre-germinated than from dry seed. Soil covering greatly increased yield, especially where irrigation had been applied from the outset. The interaction of early irrigation and soil covering was even more pronounced for stolon weights, and stolon growth of Individual seedlings appeared to benefit more from soil covering than from early irrigation.The results showed the importance of early seedling emergence, but no advantages of fluid sowing per se. They also indicated large overall beneficial effects of early irrigation and its additive interaction with soil covering.

Notes: Assessments were made of the clover yield and clover content between early June and late July 1984 of white clover in a permanent pasture which had been slot-seeded in spring 1982.Past reserves of phosphate or application of propyzamide alone only slightly increased clover dry matter yield but together they increased it from 13 to 785 kg dry matter ha-1 and gave 31% clover in the total herbage yield. Applications of P2O5 during the experiment, alone or together with past reserves of phosphate, Iased clover yield from 13 to 242 kg dry matter ha-1 and the proportion of clover from 1 to 10%. However, highest yields (1282 kg) and clover content (37%) were attained when P2O5 and propyzamide were applied to treatments with past reserves of phosphate.These results confirmed the trends evident during the second year and also indicated a potential role for grass-suppressants in increasing management options during the early years after slot-seeding.

Notes: White clover (cv. Grasslands Huia) was slot-seeded in April 1982 into plots of permanent pasture of differing botanical composition and reserves of soil phosphate. In one investigation the short-term effects of placing different amounts of phosphate (P2O5) in different positions in relation to the slot were investigated. In another, emphasis was given to effects of a grass-suppressing herbicide, propyzamide, on herbage growth and clover contributon during the second year.Fewer seedlings established on plots with a high initial P status and abundant in Holcus lanatus and Alopecurus pratensis than on plots deficient in P2O5 and dominated by Agrostis capillaris and Festuca rubra. P2O5decreased numbers of establishing clover seedlings when applied in the slots but not when placed beneath them. Growth was increased most when placement was beneath the slot. Application of P2O5to plots previously supplied with it resulted in 7.2 g total above ground and 1.7 g stolon dry weight (m row)−1compared to 1.3 and 0.1 g respectively in plots with low reserves and DO applied P2O5.Propyzamide greatly increased the yield and the contribution of clover in the presence of high initial P status and applied P2O5. Without propyzamide, clover made only a small contribution until July, averaging 7% for the whole season with little benefit from residual P. Clover growth in late summer was increased from 41 to 292 kg DM ha−1 where P2O5 was applied to P-deficient plots sprayed with propyzamide in the previous autumn. The large increases in clover contribution following propyzamide application were accompanied by small decreases in total seasonal yield of grass. The proportions of H. lanatus and. F. rubra. were decreased and of A. capillaris, increased.Spread of clover from the slots was slow during the first year but was encouraged by both P2O5 and propyzamide during the second year. Factors requiring further investigation are discussed.

Notes: Abstract The details of 7 patients with hyperparathyroidism in whom 8 intrathyroid hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands were located are presented. Seven of the 8 glands were inferior parathyroids and this observation is discussed in the light of current embryological teaching. The intrathyroidal hyperfunctioning parathyroid is considered to be a potential cause of failed parathyroid surgery and, therefore, when an inferior parathyroid gland is missing, it is recommended that the lower pole of the thyroid be incised and, if necessary, a thyroid lobectomy performed.