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  • 1990-1994  (13)
  • 1985-1989  (11)
  • 1970-1974  (3)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automatic stirred tank reactor of laboratory scale has been developed for on-line measurement of conversion, viscosity, and molar mass distribution of homogeneous polymerizations. For these on-line measurements, a fraction of the reaction mixture is bypassed through a densimeter and a viscometer. Samples are taken at intervals of 15 min, diluted semi-automatically, and then injected into a high performance gel permeation chromatograph for determination of the molar mass distribution of the polymers. A microcomputer collects the measured data, calculates the monomer conversion and the output data for different control units. In this study, methyl methacrylate is polymerized batch- and semi-batchwise with ethyl acetate as solvent and in the presence of different initiators. The semi-batch polymerizations are carried out at constant reaction rate by feeding the initiator and at a given increase in viscosity by feeding the solvent.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method for applying reaction calorimetry to stirred tank reactors with variable heat transfer is presented. Sinusoidal temperature oscillations are induced by an electrical heater placed either in the reactor or in the jacket in order to decouple the chemical heat production from the variable heat transfer during reaction. Multiplication of the reactor heat balance by periodic functions and integration yields the overall heat transfer. Temperature oscillation calorimetry was successfully applied to the free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in ethyl acetate which shows a strong decrease in heat transfer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The cationically initiated reaction of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with dicarboxylic acid anhydrides yields poly ether esters in a ring-opening copolymerization even at reaction temperatures above the ceiling temperature of the cyclic ether. The course of the individual steps of the copolymerization and the mechanism of the propagation reaction were investigated measuring the kinetics of the copolymerization THF/succinic anhydride (BSA) and of a model reaction THF/acetic anhydride (ESA) and determining the overall composition of the reaction products. The kinetic experiments showed, that the nucleophilic attack of THF on the anhydride oxonium ion determines the rate of the propagation reaction and that the reactivities of the two anhydride oxonium ions towards THF differ by a factor of about 25 (…[-ESA]⊖ 〉 …[-BSA]⊕). From the composition of the reaction products obtained above the ceiling temperature of THF the relative reactivities of the two monomers THF and anhydride in the competitive additions to the oxonium ion … - CO[-THF]⊕ have been calculated to the result, that BSA is about two times as reactive as ESA.
    Notes: Die kationisch initiierte Reaktion von Tetrahydrofuran (THF) mit Dicarbonsäureanhydriden führt unter ringöffnender Copolymerisation selbst bei Reaktionstemperaturen oberhalb der Ceilingtemperatur des Ringäthers zu Polyätherestern. Der Verlauf der einzelnen Reaktionsschritte der Copolymerisation und der Mechanismus der Wachstumsreaktion wurden durch kinetische Untersuchungen der Copolymerisationsreaktion THF/Bernsteinsäureanhydrid (BSA) sowie einer Modellreaktion THF/Essigsäureanhydrid (ESA) und durch Bestimmung der Zusammensetzung der Reaktionsprodukte ermittelt. Die kinetischen Versuche ergaben, daß der nukleophile Angriff von THF an ein Oxoniumion des Anhydrids die Geschwindigkeit der Wachstumsreaktion bestimmt und daß sich die Reaktivitäten der beiden Anhydrid-Oxoniumionen gegenüber einem THF-Angriff um einen Faktor von ca. 25 voneinander unterscheiden (…[-ESA]⊖ 〉 …[-BSA]⊕). Aus der Zusammensetzung der Reaktionsprodukte oberhalb der Ceilingtemperatur von THF konnten die relativen Reaktivitäten der beiden Monomeren, THF und Anhydrid, in den konkurrierenden Anlagerungsschritten an das THF-Oxoniumion …[-CO-TH́F]⊕ ermittelt werden. Danach ist BSA um den Faktor 2 reaktiver als ESA.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the cationic polymerization of tetrahydrofuran with phosphorus pentafluoride in 1,2-dichloroethane were examined by a gas chromatographic method. From the kinetic experiments it was found that the rate of polymerization is not proportional to the initiator concentration. Actually, the influence of the initiator concentration on the rate of polymerization decreases with increasing initiator concentration. This effect may by due to different solvation equilibria of the active species.
    Notes: Die kationische Polymerisation von Tetrahydrofuran in 1,2-Dichloräthan mit Phosphorpentafluorid also Initiator wurde mittels gaschromatographischer Bestimmung des Monomergehaltes unter reaktionskinetischen und thermodynamischen Gesichtspunkten untersucht.Kinetische Versuche ergaben, daß die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit nicht linear mit der Initiatorkonzentration zunimmt. Der Einfluß der Initiatorkonzentration auf die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit nimmt vielmehr mit wachsender Initiatorkonzentration ab, was auf die Anwesenheit von Solvatationsgleichgewichten der aktiven Spezies zurückgeführt wird. Die Aktivierungsenergie der Polymerisation in Lösung wurde nach ARRHENIUS zu 15,2 kcal/mol bestimmt.Durch Messung der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Gleichgewichts-Monomerkonzentrationen wurden die thermodynamischen Größen ΔHp und ΔS0p und die Ceiling-Temperaturen bei zwei verschiedenen Ausgangs-Monomerkonzentrationen ermittelt. Die Gleichgewichts-Monomerkonzentrationen liegen in Lösung höher als bei der Polymerisation in Substanz. Infolgedessen werden für die gewählten Ausgangs-Monomerkonzentrationen in Lösung Ceiling-Temperaturen beobachtet, die um 20-25°C tiefer liegen als die diesen Gleichgewichts-Monomerkonzentrationen entsprechenden Temperaturen der Substanzpolymerisation. Für die Abhängigkeit der thermodynamischen Größen vom verwendeten Lösungsmittel werden Solvatationseffekte verantwortlich gemacht.Weiterhin kann aus den Ergebnissen entnommen werden, daß im Bereich der Ceiling-Temperatur die thermodynamischen Größen geringfügig vom Polymerisationsgrad abhängen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 1983-1990 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The development of molar mass distribution of poly(D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was studied during the intracellular synthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 bacteria with fructose as substrate and ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source. The flask culture fermentation experiments were carried out with a high cell density preculture under polymer synthesis conditions at different temperatures, pH values and substrate concentrations. These parameters were kept constant throughout the fermentation process. Polymer samples were isolated from cells by extraction with chloroform. The molar mass distribution of PHB was determined by gel-permeation chromatography in chloroform. A simple kinetic model based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics is postulated for synthesis of PHB. With this model the molar mass distributions of PHB were calculated and fitted to the experiment by variation of the kinetic constants.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 612-614 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 137-138 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 65 (1993), S. 577-579 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 65 (1993), S. 739-741 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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