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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ramifications of adrenergic nerve terminals in the rectum, anal sphincter and anal accessory muscles of the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 109-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Adrenergic nerves ; Anal sphincter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy and the adrenergic innervation of the rectum, internal anal sphincter and of accessory structures are described for the guinea-pig. The distribution of adrenergic nerves was examined using the fluorescence histochemical technique applied to both sections and whole mount preparations. The longitudinal and circular muscle of the rectum and the muscularis mucosae are all supplied by adrenergic nerve terminals. The density of the adrenergic innervation of the muscularis externa increases towards the anal sphincter. There is a very dense innervation of the internal anal sphincter, of the anal accessory muscles and of the corrugator ani. Non-fluorescent neurons in the ganglia of the myenteric plexus are supplied by adrenergic terminals. The ganglia become smaller and sparser towards the internal anal sphincter and non-ganglionated nerve strands containing adrenergic axons run from the plexus to the sphincter muscle. Adrenergic fibers innervate two interconnected ganglionated plexuses in the submucosa. Very few adrenergic nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus and they were not found at all in the submucosa. The extrinsic arteries and veins of the pelvic region are heavily innervated by adrenergic nerves. Within the gut wall the arteries are densely innervated but there is little or no innervation of the veins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520721
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origins of the adrenergic fibres which innervate the internal anal sphincter, the rectum, and other tissues of the pelvic region in the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 129-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Pelvic viscera ; Gastrointestinal tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the pelvic viscera was examined by the fluorescence histochemical technique, applied to tissue from untreated guinea-pigs and from guinea-pigs in which nerve pathways had been interrupted at operation. It was found that adrenergic neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglia give rise to axons which run in the colonic nerves and end in the myenteric and submucous plexuses and around the arteries of the distal colon. In the rectum, part of the innervation of the myenteric plexus and all of the innervation of the submucous plexus comes from the inferior mesenteric ganglia. The rest of the adrenergic innervation of the myenteric plexus comes from the posterior pelvic ganglia or the sacral sympathetic chains. The innervation of the blood vessels of the rectum is from the posterior pelvic ganglia. Adrenergic nerves run from the sacral sympathetic chains and pass via nerves accompanying the rectal arteries to the internal anal sphincter. Other adrenergic fibres to the internal anal sphincter either arise in, or pass through, the posterior pelvic plexuses. The anal accessory muscle is innervated by adrenergic axons arising in the posterior pelvic plexuses. Adrenergic nerves which run in the pudendal nerves, probably from the sacral sympathetic chains, innervate the erectile tissue of the penis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520326
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the anatomy and amine histochemistry of the nerves and ganglia which supply the pelvic viscera and on the associated chromaffin tissue in the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 85-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Chromaffin cells ; Pelvic viscera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organs of the lower abdominal and pelvic regions of the guinea-pig receive nerves from the inferior mesenteric ganglia and pelvic plexuses. The inferior mesenteric ganglia connect with the sympathetic chains, the superior mesenteric ganglia, the pelvic plexuses via the hypogastric nerves, and with the gut. Each pelvic plexus consists of anterior and posterior parts which send filaments to the internal generative organs and to the rectum, internal anal sphincter and other pelvic organs. The pelvic nerves enter the posterior plexuses, which also receive rami from the sacral sympathetic chains. The adrenergic neurons of the pelvic plexuses are monopolar, do not have dendrites and are supplied by few varicose adrenergic axons. Nearly all the nerves contain adrenergic fibres. After exposure to formaldehyde vapour the chromaffin cells appear brightly fluorescent with one or two long, often varicose, processes. Most of the chromaffin cells are in Zuckerkandl's organ or in chromaffin bodies associated with the inferior mesenteric ganglia. Groups of chromaffin cells are found along the hypogastric nerves and in the pelvic plexuses; they become smaller and fewer as regions more posterior to Zuckerkandl's organ are approached.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520720
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The excitatory input to a single smooth muscle cell (1970)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 314 (1970), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Smooth Muscle ; Neuromuscular Transmission ; Electrophysiology ; Autonomic Nerves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracellular microelectrodes were used to analyse the excitatory input to single cells of the mouse vas deferens. Excitatory junction potentials (EJP's) were evoked by both orthodromic and antidromic impulses in terminal axons lying within the musculature of the vas deferens, indicating that transmitter is released from the length of the terminal axon not just from the axon termination. The amplitude of the EJP was altered by altering the strength of stimulation. By using this variation, it was found that 15–22 nerve fibres gave a detectable contribution to the amplitude of the EJP in a single cell. The maximum amplitude of the EJP was 45 mV and the maximum depolarization caused by transmission from a single axon was 5 mV. By depolarizing the whole tissue with noradrenaline, the reversal potential for the EJP was found to be −20 to −15 mV. The EJP was not reversed when a single cell was depolarized with an intracellular current pulse. Extracellular electrodes failed to record any reversal of the EJP, corresponding to current sinks. It is concluded that the EJP in a single cell arises both from the action of transmitter, released from terminal varicosities, on its membrane and from potential changes electrically coupled from adjacent cells via low resistance connections between the smooth muscle cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587042
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monoamine oxidase histochemistry of enteric neurones in the guinea-pig (1971)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 28 (1971), S. 324-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localisation of monoamine oxidase (MAO) was examined in lamina preparations of the myenteric plexus of guinea-pig stomach, small intestine and proximal colon and in the submucous plexus of the small intestine. MAO is associated with most neurones in these parts of the enteric plexuses. In the myenteric plexus of the small intestine, cells corresponding to Dogiel's type II were prominent whereas type I cells appeared less reactive for MAO. However, both type I and type II cells of the proximal colon were heavily stained. In the stomach and in the submucous plexus of the small intestine, most positive cells were type II. There were many small positively stained cells throughout the myenteric plexus. Interstitial cells were lightly stained. The intensity of stain in many enteric neurones was similar to that of cells of the sympathetic ganglia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00702638
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin and distribution of adrenergic nerve fibres in the guinea-pig colon (1970)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 21 (1970), S. 295-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A detailed study of the origin and distribution of sympathetic fibres in the distal colon of the guinea-pig has been made using the fluorescent histochemical method for localizing catecholamines. The extrinsic adrenergic fibres of the colonie sympathetic nerves follow the inferior mesenteric artery and its branches to the colon. Some of the extrinsic adrenergic fibres are associated with the parasympathetic fibres of the pelvic nerves near the colon. Complete adrenergic denervation follows the removal of the inferior mesenteric ganglion or the destruction of the nerves running with the inferior mesenteric artery. No fluorescent fibres, other than those associated with blood vessels, were observed in air-dried stretch preparations of the isolated longitudinal muscle. However, a substantial number of varicose, terminal fibres, not associated with blood vessels, were observed in the circular muscle. Some varicose fibres, apart from those associated with ganglion cells, were observed in the myenteric plexus. These fibres were seen in the bundles of nerves running between the nodes of the plexus and also as single fibres which branched from the plexus to end in areas free of ganglion cells. Three plexuses of adrenergic nerve fibres have been distinguished in the submucosa: a dense plexus of terminal fibres innervating both the veins and arteries; a plexus consisting of innervated nodes of ganglion cells, connected by bundles of fluorescent and non-fluorescent nerves; and a plexus of varicose and non-varicose fibres, which is not associated with ganglion cells. Some groups of ganglion cells in the submucosa were without adrenergic innervation. A plexus of varicose fibres forms a meshwork in the lamina propria of the mucosa. The muscularis mucosae is sparsely innervated. Most of the blood vessels in the mucosa are not associated with adrenergic fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280899
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catecholamine containing nerve cells in the mammalian myenteric plexus (1971)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 25 (1971), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous fluorescence histochemical studies have shown that extrinsic denervation causes a disappearance of adrenergic fibres from the gut wall. However, in the present work, adrenergic terminals persisted in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig proximal colon following interruption of paravascular nerves. Fluorescent cell bodies are found in the myenteric plexus. The fluorescence reaction of the cells does not appear after reserpine treatment and is restored by α-methyl-noradrenaline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279108
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of external potassium ion concentration on autonomic neuro-muscular transmission (1970)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 317 (1970), S. 310-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Potassium Ion ; Autonomic Nerves ; Neuro-Muscular Transmission ; Excitatory Junction Potentials ; Kaliumion ; Autonome Nerven ; Neuromusculäre Übertragung ; Erregungsübertragungspotentiale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of varying the potassium ion concentration on autonomic neuro-muscular transmission was studied in the vas deferens of the mouse. The smooth muscle cells had resting membrane potentials in normal solution of about 75 mV. The relationship between the membrane potential and the external potassium concentration was close to that predicted by the Nernst equation for external potassium concentrations above 20 mM. The relationship followed the trend predicted by the Goldman equation. The time of decay of the excitatory junction potential (EJP) in response to nervous stimulation decreased to one quarter when the potassium concentration was increased from 0 to 5 times that in normal solution. The transmission delay at the autonomic junction did not change, and the rise time of the EJP decreased only slightly, with increased external potassium concentration. The maximal amplitude of the EJP decreased with increased external potassium. Miniature EJPs (MEJPs) occurred spontaneously and had the same time course in each concentration of external potassium. In potassium-free solution spontaneous potentials, which were similar in time course to EJPs in the same solution, were also observed. It is concluded that the repolarizing phase of the EJP in normal solution is probably determined by the electrical properties of the smooth muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586580
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The adrenergic innervation of the cardio-vascular system of the lizard Trachysaurus rugosus (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 150-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardio-vascular innervation ; Reptilia ; Adrenergic nerves ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fluorescence histochemical method has been used to study the adrenergic innervation of the cardio-vascular system of the lizard, Trachysaurus rugosus. The cardiac muscle of the caval veins, sinus venosus, auricle and of the papillary muscle of the ventricle is heavily innervated. Some areas of the ventricles are uninnervated. The aortic arches and the elastic arteries are all adrenergically innervated. These arteries have nerve fibres in their mediae and innervated vasa vasorum at the medio-adventitial border. Adrenergic nerves usually do not penetrate the media of muscular arteries. The pattern of innervation of the peripheral arteries is similar to that of mammals, the principal exception being the pulmonary artery which is extremely densely innervated. All the major veins are innervated, but the innervation is generally far sparser than that of the arteries. Many of the small veins have little or no adrenergic innervation. The patterns of innervation seen in stretched, air dried preparations and in sections are described and possible functional implications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335293
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The simultaneous demonstration of adrenergic fibres and enteric ganglion cells (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 5 (1973), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synopsis A method for the demonstration of adrenergic nerves and enteric neurons at the same time has been developed by combining the fluorescence histochemical technique for catecholamines and the histochemical technique for NADH:Nitro BT oxidoreductase. The method consists of a short incubation of the laminae from the wall of the intestine in an isotonic medium containing the substrate (NADH) and a tetrazolium salt (Nitro BT). After washing, the laminae are air dried, exposed to formaldehyde vapour and mounted. The adrenergic nerves in the myenteric plexus appear brightly fluorescent on excitation with u.v. light, whereas the neurons are heavily stained by deposits of formazan. Not all the neurons of the plexus are stained, but their morphology is well preserved. Differences in staining of the neurons reflect differences in penetration of the tetrazolium salt in the tissue and into the cells. The adrenergic axons do not establish exclusive connexions with individual neurons and some isolated neurons are not associated with any adrenergic fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01004802
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