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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 89 (1973), S. 327-339 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation was estimated in intact “resting” cells of Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli B, Aerobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Azotobacter vinelandii, measuring the change of ATP, ADP, AMP and NAD+ occurring on addition of limiting amounts of O2 to anaerobic cells of these bacteria. Also, in some cases O2-uptake was measured directly with a vibrating Pt-electrode. 2. Intact cells of P. mirabilis exhibited oxidative phosphorylation with a P/O-ratio of about 0.6–1.0. For A. aerogenes, P. aeruginosa and A. vinelandii a P/O-ratio of 0.30; 0.50 and 1.0 was found, respectively. 3. The reduction of NO3 - by anaerobic cells of P. mirabilis was accompanied by phosphorylation with a P/2e-(NO3 -)-ratio of about 0.37. 4. Changes in NAD+ were not representative of the amount of O2 consumed. So, methods in which the oxidation of NADH alone is taken as a measure for oxidative phosphorylation in bacteria do not give reliable P/2e--ratios. 5. It is concluded that P/O-ratios in intact “resting” bacterial cells are not as high as those for intact mitochondria from higher organisms and are also lower than P/O-ratios found for growing cells of bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 93 (1973), S. 311-325 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A crude cell envelope suspension has been prepared from Proteus mirabilis after osmotic shock of penicillin-induced spheroplasts. Employing discontinuous sucrose gradients this cell envelope suspension can be fractionated into four fractions. Besides a pellet of remaining spheroplasts and an intermediate fraction with mixed composition a highly purified cytoplasmic membrane fraction and an outer membrane fraction have been obtained. The cytoplasmic membrane fraction is not contaminated with mucopeptide or outer membrane material. It has a buoyant density of 1.13 g/ml and a protein content of 38%. The specific activities of formate dehydrogenase and nitrate reductase and the content of cytochrome b1 have increased sixfold in comparison with the crude cell envelope suspension. The outer membrane fraction contains only few contaminations with cytoplasmic membrane components and with mucopeptide. The gradient fractions have been characterized by electron microscopy and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Tetrathionate Reductase ; Thiosulphate Reductase ; Anaerobic Respiration ; Cytoplasmic Membrane ; Enzyme Purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Solubilization of cytoplasmic membrane bound tetrathionate and thiosulphate reductase was accomplished without detergents by repeated extraction of a purified cytoplasmic membrane suspension with tert-amyl alcohol. On homokinetic sucrose gradients both solubilized reductase activities banded in single peaks in the same fractions. A sedimentation constant of 6.9 Svedbergs was calculated using catalase as indicator enzyme. Further purification was obtained on an electro focusing column. Again both reductase activities banded as a single peak in the same fractions. It can be concluded that both have an isoelectric point of 5.22. It was demonstrated on polyacrylamide gels that the peak fractions contained virtually one protein component, which catalyzes tetrathionate reduction as well as thiosulphate reduction. It was concluded that Proteus mirabilis has only one enzyme for both enzymatic functions. From polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate it appeared that this enzyme consists of two subunits with molecular weights of approx. 43 000 and 90 000 daltons. The complete enzyme has thus a molecular weight of approx. 133 000 daltons. Protein profiles of cytoplasmic membranes isolated after various growth conditions suggest that the smaller subunit of this enzyme is present after anaerobic growth in the presence of KNO3 in spite of repression of the complete enzyme under this growth condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 74 (1970), S. 340-349 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The levels of several redox enzymes in a chlorate-resistant mutant of Proteus mirabilis, which is partially affected in the formation of formate hydrogenlyase, thiosulfate reductase and tetrathionate reductase, were compared with those of the wild type. The composition of the electron transport system of both strains was almost the same in cells grown aerobically, but very different in cells grown anaerobically. In the mutant, the cytochrome content increased twofold, whereas the level of the anaerobic enzymes is strongly diminished. The anaerobic formation of electron transport components in the mutant was, in contrast to that of the wild type, not influenced significantly by azide. During anaerobic growth with nitrate low levels of a functional nitrate reductase system were formed in the mutant. Under these conditions the formation of formate dehydrogenase, formate hydrogenlyase, formate oxidase, thiosulfate reductase, tetrathionate reductase, cytochrome b563,5 and partly that of cytochrome a2, was repressed. The repressive effect of nitrate, however, was completely abolished by azide. Therefore, it seems likely that a functional nitrate reductase system, rather than nitrate, controls the formation of the enzymes repressible by nitrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 74 (1970), S. 326-339 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The level of the specific activities of thiosulfate reductase and tetrathionate reductase in Proteus mirabilis was not influenced after anaerobic growth with or without thiosulfate, tetrathionate or azide. The formation of these reductases was repressed by both oxygen and nitrate. The repressive effect of nitrate, however, could be relieved by the presence of azide, which inhibits nitrate reductase (EC 1.9.6.1). 2. Thiosulfate reductase was rapidly inactivated by nitrate. A functional nitrate reductase system was necessary since inactivation was prevented by azide. Both thiosulfate and tetrathionate reductases were directly inactivated when cells were transferred from anaerobic to aerobic conditions. A shift of cells adapted to anaerobic growth with azide, however, did not result in inactivation. 3. Thiosulfate and tetrathionate reductases are coupled with hydrogenase (EC 1.98.1.1). In cells grown without azide the H2-thiosulfate reductase system was, in contrast to the H2-tetrathionate reductase system, inhibited by azide. However, both systems were insensitive to azide in cells grown with azide. 4. On addition of thiosulfate or tetrathionate to cells grown anaerobically with or without azide, two b-type cytochromes (a minor component absorbing at 563.5 nm and a b561 component) were oxidized. The reductases were also coupled to cytochromes a2 and a1 in cells grown without azide, but not in cells grown with azide. 5. It is concluded that repression of the formation and inactivation of these reductases are separate processes. Inactivation can be explained by withdrawal of electrons via other components of the electron transport system. The formation seems to be repressed under conditions when electron transfer to the reductases cannot occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 121 (1973), S. 259-269 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary From Citrobacter freundii mutants have been isolated, with deletions extending chl genes. 53% of these mutants mapped in the gal-bio region of the chromosome. Genetic mapping by three methods—deletion analysis, linkage analysis in crosses with C. freundii Hfr donors and complementation with Escherichia coli F′ factors—establishes the gene order: chl H-gal-chl D-hut-bio-uvr B-chl A-chl I-chl E In an other segment a gene order ilv-chl-pdx was found. Furthermore chl loci were found adjacent to 7 different chromosomal markers. C. freundii can form nitrate reductase A, thiosulfate reductase, tetrathionate reductase and formic dehydrogenase. These enzymes are not formed in most of the chlorate-resistant mutants. In some of these mutants the enzyme activities can be restored by complementation with F′ factors of E. coli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 119 (1972), S. 259-266 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The properties of a strain of Citrobacter freundii with a deletion of the gal, chl D, bio, uvr B, chl A region of the chromosome, harbouring a temperature sensitive plasmid F ts 114 1 aro G+ gal + chl D+ bio + uvr B+, originating from Escherichia coli, are described. The isolation of strains with an integrated plasmid was tried by incubation of the partial diploid strain at the restrictive temperature and selection for retained plasmid properties. However C. freundii Hfr strains were not obtained, since only fragments of the plasmid were integrated. Integration occurred at seven different sites of the chromosome and resulted in an inactivation of the gene in which the fragment was integrated. Mutants with deficiencies for arginine, isoleucine and valine, tryptophan, guanine and either tryptophan or tyrosine were obtained. In another type the deficiency, resulting from integration, could not be identified, whereas in the seventh type integration had occurred in one or more non-essential genes, because no deficiency was present. Release of the integrated fragment occurred in such a way that gene activity was restored. The released fragment was lost or was integrated again at one of the other six integration sites, resulting in another mutant type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 106 (1970), S. 174-179 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chlorate-resistant mutants with deletions have been isolated from Klebsiella aerogenes. Mutants with deletions in the gal-bio region of the genetic map can be divided into 9 groups. From the properties of the various groups of mutants the gene order nic A-aro G-gal-chl D-hut-bio-uvr B-chl A is deduced. Furthermore deletions have been observed in a segment of the chromosome containing nic B, thi B, inl B, and chl G. Thi B and chl G are adjacent but no more information about the gene order in this segment can be given. In both segments a great homology is observed with the corresponding regions of the genetic maps of E. coli and S. typhimurium. Deletions of chl A, chl D or chl G have a pleiotropic effect. Mutants with a deletion of one of these genes do not produce nitrite from nitrate or gas from glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 36 (1970), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bacteriocin-resistant mutants ofKlebsiella edwardsii var.edwardsii were isolated, some of which, although still adsorbing the bacteriocin, were nevertheless insensitive (tolerant) to its effect. Selection was carried out with bacteriocins produced byKlebsiella pneumoniae (strains S6 and S8) andEnterobacter cloacae (strain DF 13). These bacteriocins are adsorbed by different receptor sites but have the same mode of action. Most of the isolated mutants (80–90%) could no longer adsorb any of the bacteriocins used. Therefore it is suggested that the different receptor sites on sensitive bacteria have some components in common. Seven different groups of tolerant mutants were isolated. The majority of these mutants are tolerant to the three bacteriocins used (Group I). In the other groups tolerance to one or two bacteriocins is accompanied by either sensitivity to, or resistance (non-adsorption) against, the other(s). The latter mutants must be considered as receptor mutants in which the specific stimulus sent from the bacteriocin receptor site through the cytoplasmic membrane to the intracellular target fails to initiate. Many tolerant mutants were extremely sensitive to desoxycholate and to ethylenediaminetetraacetate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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