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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 241-247 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Oxidative phosphorylation ; Membrane particles ; Continuous culture ; Maintenance energy ; Growth yield ; Micrococcus denitrificans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract P/O ratios were measured in membrane particles obtained from cells of Micrococcus denitrificans, while growing on different carbon sources. The membrane particles obtained from cells growing actively on glucose, succinate, ethanol and propanol as the carbon and energy sources catalyzed oxidative phosphorylation and yielded respective P/O ratios of 1.4, 1.2, 0.8, and 0.5 with NADH, and 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, and 0.5 with succinate as the electron donors. Not such a difference in P/O ratio is observed in intact resting cells grown with different carbon sources. It is concluded that the influence of the carbon source is probably directed towards the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in membrane particles and not in the growing cells. For the aerobic carbon source-limited chemostat cultures the following maximum growth yields were determined: 40.2 and 34.2 for succinate and oxgen, 41.7 and 36.5 for malate and oxygen, 81.4 and 39.4 for mannitol and oxygen, and 77.8 and 43.4 for gluconate and oxygen respectively. With a mathematical model (de K waadsteniet et al., in press) the P/O ratio was valued at 1.4–1.7. Y ATP at μ=0.2 was valued at 8.7–10.9; Y ATP max at 9.6–13.2 and m e at 0.6–4.5 for the most precise experiment (gluconate-limited). The calculation of these growth parameters has been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Continuous culture ; Maintenance energy ; Growth yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is described, which allows the determination of 95% confidence limits for the maintenance coefficient and the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation for chosen values of the growth yield for ATP corrected for energy maintenance (Y ATP max ). As experimental data the specific rates of substrate consumption, product formation and oxygen uptake in chemostat cultures at various growth rates are used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Campylobacter sputorum ; Microaerophilism ; Superoxide dismutase ; Hydrogen peroxide ; Formate oxidation ; Cytochrome c
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cell-free extracts of Campylobacter sputorum subspecies bubulus contained superoxide dismutase. The enzyme was located in the cytoplasmic fraction and insensitive to cyanide. After centrifuging a cell-free extract at 144000 x g for 1.5 h the total activity in the supernatant fraction was threefold higher than in the crude cell-free extract. The pellet fraction thus obtained was shown to have a lowering effect on superoxide dismutase activities from different sources in the assay method used here. C. sputorum responded to a raised oxygen tension in the culture by an increase in the superoxide dismutase activity. The ability to produce superoxide anion radicals (O2 -·) during oxidation of formate and lactate was demonstrated. Furthermore C. sputorum was found to produce H2O2 while oxidizing formate. In experiments in which the reduction of cytochrome c by formate was followed, step-wise kinetics were observed. One of the steady states then obtained was attributed to the oxidizing action of H2O2, because it was abolished by the addition of catalase and lengthened by H2O2 added in addition to H2O2 formed as a product of formate oxidation. An overall reaction for formate oxidation by C. sputorum is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Oxidative phosphorylation ; Chemostat culture ; Growth yield ; Mixed substrates ; Ribulose-bisphosphate cycle ; Cytochrome c ; Single cell protein ; Methanol ; Paracoccus denitrificans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paracoccus denitrificans was grown aerobically during two-(carbon)substrate-limitation on mannitol and methanol in chemostat cultures. Theoretical growth parameters were calculated based on the presence of 2 or 3 sites in the electron-transport chain of Paracoccus denitrificans. Experimental growth parameters determined during two-(carbon)substrate growth were conform to the presence of 3 sites of oxidative phosphorylation, while cells grown only on mannitol possessed 2 sites. The maximum growth yield on adenosine triphosphate (ATP), corrected for maintenance requirements, determined in chemostat experiments in which the methanol concentration is less than 2.11 times the mannitol concentration was 8.6 g of biomass. When the methanol concentration was more than 2.11 times the mannitol concentration the maximum growth yield on adenosine triphosphate decreased due to the more energy consuming process of CO2-assimilation. Cells use methanol only as energy source to increase the amount of mannitol used for assimilation purposes. When the methanol concentration in chemostat experiments was more than 2.11 times the mannitol concentration, all mannitol was used for assimilation and excess energy derived from methanol was used for CO2-assimilation via the ribulose-bisphosphate cycle. The synthesis of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase was repressed when the methanol concentration in chemostat experiments was less than 2.11 times the mannitol concentration or when Paracoccus denitrificans was grown in batch culture on both methanol and mannitol. When in chemostat experiments the methanol concentration was more than 2.11 times the mannitol concentration ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase activity could be demonstrated and CO2-assimilation will occur. It is proposed that energy produced in excess activates or derepresses the synthesis of the necessary enzymes of the ribulose-bisphosphate cycle in Paracoccus denitrificans. Consequently growth on any substrate will be carbonas well as energy-limited. When methanol is present in the nutrient cells of Paracoccus denitrificans synthesize a CO-binding type of cytochrome c, which is essential for methanol oxidase activity. The reason for the increase in efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation from 2 to 3 sites is most probably the occurrence of this CO-binding type of cytochrome c in which presence electrons preferentially pass through the a-type cytochrome region of the electron-transport chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cytochrome oxidase ; Paracoccus denitrificans ; Growth yields ; Oxidative phosphorylation ; CO-Ligands ; Chemostat ; Proton translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Growth yields and efficiency of energy conservation were the same for aerobic succinate-limited and oxygen-limited cells of Paracoccus denitrificans. 2. A shift from anaerobic nitrate-limitation to aerobic succinatelimitation showed that before and after the shift cells grew with the same capacity of energy conservation. 3. Respiration-driven proton translocation showed the presence of H+-translocating sites 1 and 2, which translocate respectively 2–3 and 4 protons per 2 electrons in oxygen-, anaerobic nitrate-and aerobic succinate-limited cells. 4. Cytochrome spectra and flash-photolysis spectra of oxygen- and nitrate-limited cells gave evidence for the presence of an alternative oxidase, cytochrome a 1, never before recognized in Paracoccus denitrificans. 5. Only a-type cytochromes liganded with CO could be flash-photolysed. No evidence for a functional cytochrome o was found in photolysis experiments. 6. Fast oxidation, before photolysis, of the bc-pool after introduction of oxygen in a CO-liganded sample at-20° to-30° C, indicated the presence of a cytochrome oxidase other than cytochrome a 1 with a very high affinity for oxygen and a low affinity for CO. 7. In photochemical action spectra, light released CO-inhibition of respiration, but the release was independent of the wavelength used (560–610 nm).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Molybdenum cofactor ; Tungstate ; Chlorate resistant mutant ; Proteus mirabilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cell-free extracts of Proteus mirabilis were able to reconstitute NADPH-dependent assimilatory nitrate reductase in crude extracts of the Neurospora crassa mutant strain nit-1, lacking molybdenum cofactor. Molybdenum cofactor was formed in the cytoplasm of the bacterium even in the presence of oxygen during growth though under these conditions no molybdo enzymes are formed. As a consequence no cofactor could be released by acid treatment from membranes of cells grown aerobically. The amount of cofactor released from membranes of cells grown anaerobically under various conditions was proportional to the amount of molybdo enzymes formed. During growth in the presence of tungstate a cofactor, which lacks molybdenum, was found in the cytoplasm. For detection of this so-called demolybdo cofactor the presence of molybdate during reconstitution was essential. Moreover, the cytoplasmic cofactor pool in cells grown in the presence of tungstate appeared to be two to three times higher than in cells grown under similar conditions without tungstate. After anaerobic growth in the presence of tungstate, the inactive demolybdo reductases were shown to contain partly no cofactor and partly a demolybdo cofactor. The P. mirabilis chlorate resistant mutant S 556 did not contain molybdenum cofactor. In two other chl-mutants the cofactor activity was the same as in the wild type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Growth yields ; Paracoccus denitrificans ; Oxidative phosphorylation ; Chemostat ; Denitrification ; Proton translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Theoretical overall P/2e- ratios were calculated for growth of Paracoccus denitrificans under a variety of culture conditions on the basis of a growth model and recently published schemes of electron transport and associated proton translocation. 2. Experimental overall P/2e- ratios were calculated, using the specific rate of ATP synthesis determined in cultures grown under aerobic carbon source-limited conditions. 3. The experimental P/2e- was equal to the theoretical P/2e- for aerobic sulphate-limited growth with gluconate or succinate as carbon source, on the assumption that site 1 phosphorylation was completely absent. 4. The experimental and the theoretical P/2e- were similar for growth on nitrate as terminal electron acceptor and gluconate, mannitol or succinate as carbon source, on the assumption that nitrate enters the cell via the electroneutral nitrate-nitrite antiport system. 5. The experimental and theoretical P/2e- were similar for growth on nitrite as terminal electron acceptor and mannitol or succinate as carbon source. 6. The experimental P/2e- was substantially lower than the theoretical P/2e- for aerobic growth with nitrate as nitrogen source and gluconate or mannitol as carbon source. The amount of energy needed for assimilative reduction of nitrate to ammonia was calculated from this difference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 102 (1975), S. 187-192 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Continuous Culture ; Maintenance Energy ; Growth Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract For anaerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Aerobacter aerogenes a values of 14.0 g/mole was found for Y ATP max and a value of 6.8 mmoles ATP/g dry weight/hr for the maintenance coefficient. Both values are much lower than those previously determined for tryptophan-limited anaerobic chemostat cultures. It is concluded that generally the largest part of the maintenance energy is not used for true maintenance processes. For aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures two phases could be differentiated. Acetate production started at μ values higher than 0.53. The slopes of the curves relating the specific rates of glucose- and oxygen consumption with μ became higher and lower respectively above the μ value of 0.53. Using the Y ATP values obtained in the anaerobic experiment a P/O ratio of about 1.3 could be calculated for glucose- and tryptophan-limited chemostat cultures. In sulfate-limited chemostat cultures acetate was produced at all growth rates. At high growth rates also pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate were produced. With the Y ATP values obtained in the anaerobic experiment a P/O ratio of about 0.4 was calculated for sulfate-limited chemostat cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 58 (1967), S. 228-247 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Mutants of A. aerogenes have been isolated which are resistant against chlorate under aerobic conditions and which are blocked in aerobic nitrate assimilation. Under anaerobic conditions only two mutants, which do not assimilate nitrate, were resistant against chlorate. The other mutants are sensitive against chlorate and assimilate nitrate. 2. Some mutants do not form nitrate reductase under anaerobic conditions, while others form only small amounts of active enzyme. 3. In the mutants which do not assimilate nitrate under aerobic conditions, an immediate cessation of growth is obtained when cultures, growing anaerobically with nitrate are shifted to aerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions no nitrate reductase is formed in the mutants. In the mutants one of the intermediates in the aerobic electron transport chain to nitrate is supposed to be missing. 4. In most of the mutants formate metabolism in one way or another is affected. Some of the mutants never oxidize formate nor form hydrogen from formate. In other mutants these properties depend on the growth medium and on the growth temperatures. It has been concluded that formate dehydrogenase and the factor X of the formate hydrogenlyase system are affected. 5. Hydrogenase was present in cell-free extracts of all mutants after anaerobic growth on ammonia. In the mutants, which never form nitrate reductase, hydrogenase was not repressed by addition of nitrate to the anaerobic growth medium, as in wild type A. aerogenes. 6. The particles on which the enzymes concerned are located, are supposed to be changed in different ways, leading to a large variety of properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 74 (1970), S. 340-349 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The levels of several redox enzymes in a chlorate-resistant mutant of Proteus mirabilis, which is partially affected in the formation of formate hydrogenlyase, thiosulfate reductase and tetrathionate reductase, were compared with those of the wild type. The composition of the electron transport system of both strains was almost the same in cells grown aerobically, but very different in cells grown anaerobically. In the mutant, the cytochrome content increased twofold, whereas the level of the anaerobic enzymes is strongly diminished. The anaerobic formation of electron transport components in the mutant was, in contrast to that of the wild type, not influenced significantly by azide. During anaerobic growth with nitrate low levels of a functional nitrate reductase system were formed in the mutant. Under these conditions the formation of formate dehydrogenase, formate hydrogenlyase, formate oxidase, thiosulfate reductase, tetrathionate reductase, cytochrome b563,5 and partly that of cytochrome a2, was repressed. The repressive effect of nitrate, however, was completely abolished by azide. Therefore, it seems likely that a functional nitrate reductase system, rather than nitrate, controls the formation of the enzymes repressible by nitrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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