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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ATTEMPTS TO PREPARE GREEN GOLD SOLS1 (1938)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 42 (1938), S. 1149-1150 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100903a501
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability and radiative performance of structured Z-pinch loads imploded on high-current pulsed power generators (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 2765-2772 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The stability and radiative performance of structured Z-pinch plasma loads heated by high-current ((approximately-greater-than)20 MA) pulsed power generators are investigated. A limited mapping of parameter space is made for the regions of stability for loads configured as thin shells, uniform fills, and multiple shells. Although large diameter thin shell loads are shown to be the most efficient radiators of K-shell x rays, they are susceptible to disruption by the Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Large diameter uniform fill loads are shown to be more stable and very good radiators. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871475
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of x-ray emission in Z-pinch implosions: Theory versus experiment (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 2590-2596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Three sets of Z-pinch experiments were performed in recent years [Phys. Rev. E 50, 2166 (1994)] that confirmed the existence of a theoretically predicted region in (load mass)-(implosion velocity) space where efficient conversion of implosion energy to kilovolt x rays was possible [J. Appl. Phys. 67, 1725 (1990)]; but they also raised questions about the validity of the theoretical models [Phys. Plasmas 1, 321 (1994)] and about the influence of the pulse-power generator and load design on the detailed behavior of the measured x-ray yields. Newly completed experiments suggest that some of these influences can be overcome and that K-shell yields can be increased in greater accord with theoretical expectations. In this paper, a brief description of these experiments is given, and some comparisons with recent theoretical findings are made along with comparisons with the above-mentioned earlier work. These new comparisons demonstrate the need for further improvements in the theoretical models and in the way experiments are designed. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871221
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implosions, equilibria, and stability of rotating, radiating Z-pinch plasmas (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 4513-4520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effects of uniform rotation on the dynamics, equilibria and stability of cylindrically symmetric, radiating Z-pinch plasmas are studied. Rotation changes the Bennett and Pease–Braginskii equilibria qualitatively, eliminating radiative collapse for both quasisteady and dynamic plasmas. In particular, a steady rotating plasma column can support any current above the Pease–Braginskii value, with Ohmic heating balanced by radiative losses. Stabilizing effect of rotation on the m=0 mode of Rayleigh–Taylor instability of a hollow plasma shell was found for long perturbation wavelengths. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871467
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    K-shell radiation physics in the ultrahigh optical depth pinches of the Z generator (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 4476-4483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Al:Mg alloy wire arrays of mass loads 1.3–3.6 mg/cm have been imploded with peak currents of 19 MA on the 60 TW Z generator [R. B. Spielman et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 2105 (1998)] at Sandia National Laboratories. The large mass loads have resulted in the highest K-shell x-ray line optical depths (∼103) produced to date in Z-pinches. Analysis of the time-resolved spectrum of a 2.1 mg/cm shot near the time of peak compression has yielded a temperature–density profile of the pinch that approximately reproduces all features of the x-ray data except the continuum above 5 keV, which is underpredicted. The Ly α/He α ratio for Al is shown to be enhanced relative to that of Mg by two mechanisms: photopumped ladder ionization and absorption of the Al He-like line in a cool outer halo. This analysis and comparisons to some Ti shots demonstrates that the K-shell yield of Al is significantly reduced by line and continuum self-absorption, but that of Ti is not. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873185
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for precursor plasma formation resulting from heterogeneous current channels in wire array loads (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 1745-1753 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The initial current flow in single and double wire loads exploded by current generators with dI/dt in the range of 1010–1012 A/s has been investigated using laser absorption and interferometric techniques. The results clearly show heterogeneous current channel formation with a plasma corona surrounding a predominantly neutral core. In the two wire load case, the corona is observed to separate from the core and prematurely implode on axis. Parasitic current channels were observed when material, outgassed by a low level prepulse current, is ionized to form a current carrying plasma channel that temporarily shields the wire from the main current pulse. In a complementary study on a terawatt generator, the radiation spectra from Mg coated Al wire array loads contained Mg K-shell lines 10 ns before similar Al lines were observed, confirming the load straggling effects implied by the laser imaging measurements. The results are consistent with theoretical predictions of heterogeneous current channels and precursor plasma formation that lead to a softer implosion, reduced ion density, and reduced x-ray yield. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871693
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray lasing in colliding plasmas (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3718-3724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Conditions favorable for the achievement of population inversion and large gains in short-pulse laser-heated selenium have been reported on previously [K. G. Whitney et al., Phys. Rev. E50, 468 (1994)]. However, the required density profiles to minimize refraction and amplification losses can be difficult to achieve in conventional laser heated blowoff plasmas. The feasibility of accelerating plasma with a laser, and letting it collide with a solid density wall plasma has been explored. The density of the resulting shocked plasma can be controlled and refraction can be reduced in this design. A radiation hydrodynamics model is used to simulate the collision of the laser produced selenium plasma with the wall plasma. The heating of the stagnated plasma with a short-pulse laser is then simulated, providing the hydrodynamic response of the selenium plasma and detailed configuration nonequilibrium atomic populations. From the results of these calculations, it appears feasible to create an x-ray lasing selenium plasma with gains in the J=0–1 line at 182 Å in excess of100 cm−1. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872559
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of L-shell dynamics on K-shell yields for imploding krypton Z-pinch plasmas (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 1766-1774 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The radiative performance of a Z-pinch krypton puff gas heated by a proposed multiterawatt generator is investigated with the aid of a one-dimensional (1-D) non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) radiation hydrodynamic model self-consistently coupled to a circuit model. For stable loads configured either as cylindrical annular shells or uniform fills, predictions are made for the K- and L-shell soft x-ray emission as a function of the L-shell level structure. The results of numerical simulations show that both the thin annular shell and uniform fill are prolific K- and L-shell radiators. It is also predicted that the L-shell level structure profoundly affects the optimum K-shell soft x-ray yield, as well as the choices for load mass corresponding to optimum emission. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871325
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Streaked laser absorption measurements of density and temperature profiles in a high density Z pinch : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 652-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A nonresonant laser absorption technique is described for studying the density and temperature profiles in a high density z-pinch discharge. A long pulse (700-ns) dye laser backlights the pinch and a streak camera records the transmitted laser intensity. Spatially and temporally resolved absorption coefficients are inferred from the fractional transmission through the plasma. The measured values are related to plasma density and temperature profiles using theoretical calculated absorption coefficients and equations of state. The results demonstrate the fine spatial resolution that can be obtained with this technique, reveal a complex radial structure in z-pinch discharges not observable in emission light streak photographs, and establish the practicality of using the technique to evaluate and benchmark theoretical model predictions. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146317
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prognostic factor analysis, for patients with no evidence of disease after initial chemotherapy for advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma (1996)
    Suite 500, 5th Floor, 238 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA : Blackwell Science Inc.
    International journal of gynecological cancer 6 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1438
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although the results from chemotherapy for advanced ovarian carcinoma have improved over the past 15 years with the introduction of platinum compounds, there are still a large number of patients who will relapse from complete response (clinical or pathological) to first line therapy, and there is little published data on prognostic factors for survival after relapse. A total of 270 patients from two randomized trials in ovarian carcinoma conducted in Scotland were reviewed and the data from 117 patients who were disease free after first line treatment were analyzed to determine prognostic factors associated with disease-free survival and survival after relapse respectively.The most important prognostic factors adversely influencing time to relapse were the presence of ascites at presentation and an advanced tumor stage. For time from relapse to death, the most important adverse features were: early relapse, no chemotherapy at relapse, histology other than serous and stage at diagnosis (either stage IC/II or stage III/IV with residual disease 〈inlineGraphic alt="geqslant R: gt-or-equal, slanted" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:1048891X:IJG06010008:ges" location="ges.gif"/〉2 cm). From our results, 26% of patients who achieve complete response are alive and disease-free after 5 years, while 56% relapsed within 2 years. Of the patients whose disease-free period following initial complete response extends beyond 600 days, 50% can expect a further period of at least 600 days following relapse and subsequent therapy. Patients with ascites and advanced stage may be suitable for consideration of a more aggressive approach (high dose chemotherapy) once complete response is confirmed, the aim being to improve the disease-free period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1438.1996.06010008.x
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