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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computing 48 (1992), S. 239-257 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65-04 ; 65G05 ; Parallel computation ; vector norms ; symmetric level-index arithmetic ; floating-point arithmetic ; error analysis ; vectorized algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der parallelen Berechnung von Vektornormen und Skalarprodukten in Gleitkomma-Arithmetik und einer möglichen neuen Form der Computer-Arithmetik, dem “Symmetrischen Level-index System”. Die Vektornormen sind ein lehrreiches Beispiel für die Unterschiede zwischen diesen beiden arithmetischen Systemen bezüglich einer möglichen Programmierung mit (vollkommener) Robustheit und Parallelität. Der Konflikt zwischen der Robustheit der Rechnung—im Sinne von Genauigkeit und Sicherheit vor Überlauf und Unterlauf-und einer einfachen Parallelisierbarkeit von Algorithmen in einer Gleitkomma-Umgebung wird aufgezeigt. Es wird deutlich, dass dieser Konflikt bei Verwendung des “Symmetrischen Level-Index Systems” verschwindet. Der Wegfall von Überlauf und Unterlauf in diesem System gestattet die direkte Programmierung der Definitionen in einer einfachen, robusten und unmittelbar parallelisierbaren Weise. Numerische Resultate illustrieren, dass das “Level-index System” vergleichbare Genauigkeit zu Gleitkomma liefert, wen das letztere System funktioniert, und noch hohe Genauigkeit dort resultiert, wo das Gleitkomma-System völlig versagt.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the parallel computation of vector norms and inner products in floating-point and a proposed new form of computer arithmetic, the symmetric level-index system. The vector norms provide an illuminating example of the contrast between the two arithmetic systems under discussion in terms of the ability to program for (complete) robustness and parallelizability. The conflict between robustness of the computation—in the sense of the dual requirements of accuracy and freedom from overflow and underflow—and easy parallelization of the algorithms within a floating-point environment is made plain. It is seen that this conflict disappears if the symmetric level-index system of arithmetic is used. The freedom from overflow and underflow offered by this system allows the programming of the straightforward definitions in a way which is simple, robust and immediately parallelizable. Numerical results are given to illustrate the fact that the symmetric level-index system yields results of comparable accuracy to those of floating-point in cases where the latter system works and still yields results of high accuracy when the floating-point system fails altogether.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Alcoholic alkali solutions, such as potassiumt-butoxide int-butanol and potassium hydroxide in ethanol, have been known to remove the covalently bound lipid from the wool fibre surface. In this study, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) have been used to investigate the surface characteristics of unprocessed wool fibres (both base section and weathered tips), wool fabric and the relative effects of potassiumt-butoxide and potassium hydroxide treatments. Results comparing the fibre base and tip confirm that the weathering may result in partial loss of the covalently bound lipid from the tip. In addition, a loss of sulphur has been observed. While the extent of sulphur oxidation on the surface of the base section is insignificant, the tip section may have up to 30% oxidized sulphur. There is no apparent difference between the fibres and the fabric used in this study regarding the levels of carbon, sulphur and oxidation. Potassiumt-butoxide is found to be less effective than potassium hydroxide in removing the surface bound lipid. An explanation is given which supports a hypothesis that the bound lipid is located not only at the outer most surface, but that it is also trapped within the underlying protein layer. The potassiumt-butoxide, due to its bulky molecular structure, may not have easy access to the trapped lipid. While the extent of oxidation of surface sulphur after potassiumt-butoxide treatment is higher compared to that after potassium hydroxide treatment, the levels of sulphur loss caused by these two reagents are similar. The removal of bound surface lipid for fabric is more effective than for fibres. It is suggested that fine-scale damage to the fibre, which has been observed to occur during physical processing, is responsible for this difference.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2805-2807 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Examination of the phosphorescence emission form polypropylene shows the lifetime of the emission to be unaffected by a hydroxybenzophenone light stabilizer but significantly shorted by a diamagnetic Ni(II) chelate stabilizer.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 2 (1977), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An improved gas comparison pycnometer has been developed, based on precise differential pressure measurements coupled with a sample volume compensator. Using helium gas, volumes of solid and powdered explosives can be measured to a precision approaching one part in lo4. Coupled with a precise mass measurement, these volumes allow densities with an uncertainty of ∼± 0.002 g/ml to be inferred. Measurements performed on various explosives have allowed assessment of the purity and homogeneity of individual samples. It is also possible to infer void percentage or porosity in pressed explosive pellets.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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