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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 81 (1990), S. 318-324 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Attention ; Fixation ; Saccadic reaction time Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of visual attention and fixation upon the distribution of saccadic latencies: express (E-), fast regular (FR-), and slow regular (SR-) saccades were investigated. Extinguishing a fixation or an attention point 200–300 ms before target onset increases the incidence of E-saccades while concurrently decreasing the proportion of SR-saccades. Since this extinction forces a disengaging of attention, these changes in relative proportions of saccades reflect the elimination of one of the steps involved in programming saccades. It is shown that a previously attended stimulus has a favored status relative to other stimuli in the visual field. If, after being turned off, the previously attended fixation point or a peripheral attention stimulus is turned on near the time of the target's appearance, the occurrence of the E-saccades is greatly reduced. However, the appearance of any other stimulus in the visual field at or near the time of the target onset does not inhibit E-saccades. Contrary to the conclusions reached by Posner and Cohen (1984), a stimulus presented at the formerly attended location can attract attention more efficiently than a stimulus presented at another, new location.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 546-552 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Attention ; Fixation ; Saccades ; Saccadic reaction times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Saslow (1967) and Fischer and Ramsperger (1984) found that saccadic reaction time (SRT) depends on the interval between the fixation point offset and the target onset. Using a continuously visible fixation point, we asked whether a similar function would be obtained if subjects attended to a peripherally viewed point extinguished at variable intervals before or after the target onset. The interval was varied between -500ms (i.e., attention stimulus offset after saccade target onset = overlap trials) and 500ms (i.e., attention stimulus offset before saccade target onset = gap trials). The results show a constant mean SRT of about 240 ms for overlap trials, and a U-shaped function with a minimum of 140 ms, at a gap duration of 200 ms, for gap trials. These findings suggest that saccadic latencies do not depend on the cessation of fixation per se, but rather on the disengagement of attention from any location in the visual field. The time required for subjects to disengage their attention is approximately 100 ms. This disengaged state of attention — during which short latency (express) saccades can be made — can be sustained only for a gap duration of 300 ms. At longer gap durations mean SRTs increase again.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 307 (1981), S. 7-13 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Spaltprodukten, Oligomeren, Methylphenolen, Aromaten in Phenolharz-Abbauprodukten ; Gasanalyse/Chromatographie, DC, GC, GPC, HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur chromatographischen Charakterisierung von Abbauprodukten ausgehärteter Phenol-Formaldehyd-Harze mit DC, GC, GPC und HPLC wurden die optimalen chromatographischen Bedingungen erarbeitet. Neben der Pyrolyse wird insbesondere der hydrogenolytische Abbau der vernetzten Kondensate näher untersucht, wobei eine Vielzahl von phenolischen, nichtphenolischen aromatischen und gasförmigen Spaltprodukten gebildet werden. Niedermolekulare phenolische Abbauprodukte können dünnschichtchromatographisch sowohl an formamid-imprägniertem Kieselgel HF254 mit dem Laufmittel Benzol/Methanol (95∶5 Vol.-T.), als auch an Kieselgel 60 F254-Fertigplatten mit Benzol/Diethylamin (85∶15 Vol.-T.) als Eluens befriedigend getrennt werden. Die qualitativen und quantitativen gas-chromatographischen Bestimmungen von Phenol, Kresolen, Xylenolen und anderen nichtphenolischen Aromaten wurden mit einer 2m×1/8 Zoll-Säule, gepackt mit 10 Gew.-% UCON LB-550X auf Chromosorb W NAW (60–80 mesh), durchgeführt; für die Gasanalysen wurde eine 2m×1/4 Zoll-Fertigsäule, gepackt mit einem 5Å Linde-Molekularsieb, eingesetzt. Die Molekulargewichtsverteilungen der Hydrogenolyse-Produkte wurden gel-chromatographisch an Merckogel 6000, einem mit Butandiol-1,4-divinylether vernetzten Poly(vinylacetat), und mit DMF als Eluens ermittelt. Eine alternative Analysenmethode zur chromatographischen Charakterisierung löslicher Phenol-Formaldehyd-Kondensate und niedermolekularer phenolischer Verbindungen ist die reversed phase Hochleistungs-Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie, wobei mit Spherisorb ODS als stationäre Phase und THF/H2O-Mischungen als Eluens eine weitgehende Trennung von Phenol, Methylphenolen und oligomeren phenolischen Spaltprodukten erreicht wird.
    Notes: Summary With chromatographic methods like TLC, GC, GPC, and HPLC it is possible to characterize relatively complex mixtures of phenolic, non-phenolic aromatic, and gaseous degradation products of cured phenolic resins, which have been generated by pyrolytic and hydrogenolytic cleavage. The low molecular weight phenolic compounds were separated with good resolution by thin-layer chromatography on formamideimpregnated silica gel HF254 with the eluent benzene/ methanol (95∶5; vol.), or silica gel 60 F254 precoated aluminium sheets, using the eluent benzene/diethylamine (85∶15, vol.). The qualitative and quantitative gas chromatographic determinations of phenol, cresols, xylenols, and other non-phenolic aromatic compounds were accomplished with a 2 m×1/8 inch column, packed with 10wt.-% UCON LB-550X on Chromosorb W NAW (60–80 mesh), and a 2m×1/4 inch ready packed column with a 5Å Linde molecular sieve for gas analysis. Gel permeation chromatographic investigations with Merckogel 6000, a poly (vinyl acetate) cross-linked with butanediol-1,4-divinylether, as stationary phase and dimethylformamide as eluent, gave information on the molecular weight distributions of the hydrogenolysis products. In addition, good separations of oligomer phenolic compounds, methyl phenols, and phenol are achieved by high performance liquid chromatography in the reversed phase mode, using the stationary phase Spherisorb ODS and THF/H2O-mixtures as eluent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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