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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of inheritance with RAPD molecular markers reveal novel types of polymorphism in the honey bee (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 15-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) ; Apis mellifera ; Genetic markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to generate random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) from honey bee DNA samples in order to follow the patterns of inheritance of RAPD markers in a haplodiploid insect. The genomic DNA samples from two parental bees, a haploid drone and a diploid queen, were screened for polymorphism with 68 different tennucleotide primers of random sequence. Parents were scored for the presence or absence of individual bands. An average of 6.3 bands and 1.3 polymorphisms for presence/absence were observed per primer between the parents. Thirteen of these primers were used to determine the inheritance of RAPD marker alleles in the resulting progeny and in haploid drones from a daughter queen. Four types of polymorphisms were observed. Polymorphisms for band presence/absence as well as for band brightness were inherited as dominant markers, meeting Mendelian expectations in haploid and diploid progeny. Polymorphisms for fragment-length were also observed. These segregated in a near 1∶1 ratio in drone progeny. The last type of polymorphism was manifested as a diploid-specific band. Mixing of amplification products after PCR showed that the diploid-specific band was the result of heteroduplex formation from the DNA of alternate alleles in heterozygotes. In two of the four cases of heteroduplex formation, the alternative alleles were manifested as small fragment-length polymorphisms, resulting in co-dominant markers. This is the first demonstration that a proportion of RAPD markers are not inherited in a dominant fashion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223839
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intra- and interspecific nestmate recognition inMelipona workers (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 463-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: stingless bees ; Melipona ; nestmate recognition ; Apis mellifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The possible significance of nestmate recognition in prevention of robbing and parasitism in three species of stingless bees was assessed. Nestmate discrimination abilities vary among them; Melipona quadrifasciataworkers attacked 74% of nonnestmate conspecifics that were encountered, while M. scutellarisand M. rufiventriswere less discriminating, attacking only 14 and 60% of non-nestmates, respectively. In tests of interspecific interactions, M. quadrifasciataand M. scutellariswere the least mutually tolerant of all species pairs tested. Tests with Apis melliferashowed a high degree of intolerance by two of the three Meliponaspecies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049331
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extractable hydrocarbons and kin recognition in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 745-756 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; hydrocarbons ; kin recognition ; genetic relatedness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrocarbons of worker honeybees of known pedigree were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Variability in hydrocarbon extracts of individual workers is determined at least in part genetically. Correlations in hydrocarbon composition of extracts were highest among more closely related individuals. Individuals maintained in groups exchange hydrocarbons but still maintain enough self-produced compounds to retain genetically determined individual characteristics. These results demonstrate that extractable hydrocarbons of bees provide sufficiently reliable genetic information to function as labels for use during kin recognition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994197
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) queen feces: Source of a pheromone that repels worker bees (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 583-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; feces ; queen pheromone ; queen acceptance ; repellent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When placed in a small observation arena with workers, most young virgin honeybee queens released fecal (hindgut) material during agonistic interactions with workers and with each other. On release of this material, workers moved to the sides of the arena and groomed themselves. Bioassays of virgin queen fecal material demonstrated that it contains pheromone that repels workers and stimulates grooming behavior. Pheromone was present only in the feces of virgin queens that were more than 24 hr old and less than 2 weeks old. Feces of 2- to 4-day-old workers and virgin queens more than 2 weeks old did not elicit an avoidance response by workers. Moreover, the feces of young virgin queens had a strong fragrance, while that of older queens had a rancid odor and that of young workers had no detectable odor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880101
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral and life-history components of division of labor in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 117-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Social insects ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variability exists among worker honey bees for components of division of labor. These components are of two types, those that affect foraging behavior and those that affect life-history characteristics of workers. Variable foraging behavior components are: the probability that foraging workers collect (1) pollen only; (2) nectar only; and (3) pollen and nectar on the same trip. Life history components are: (1) the age the workers initiate foraging behavior; (2) the length of the foraging life of a worker; and (3) worker length of life. We show how these components may interact to change the social organization of honey bee colonies and the lifetime foraging productivity of individual workers. Selection acting on foraging behavior components may result in changes in the proportion of workers collecting pollen and nectar. Selection acting on life-history components may affect the size of the foraging population and the distribution of workers between within nest and foraging activities. We suggest that these components define possible sociogenic “pathways” through which colony-level natural selection can change social organization. These pathways may be analogous to developmental pathways in the morphogenesis of individual organisms because small changes in behavioral or life history components of individual workers may lead to major changes in the organizational structure of colonies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167332
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of pollen foraging in honeybee colonies: effects of young brood, stored pollen, and empty space (1999)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 45 (1999), S. 227-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Honeybees ; Apis mellifera ; Pollen foraging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen storage in a colony of Apis mellifera is actively regulated by increasing and decreasing pollen foraging according to the “colony's needs.” It has been shown that nectar foragers indirectly gather information about the nectar supply of the colony from nestmates without estimating the amount of honey actually stored in the combs. Very little is known about how the actual colony need is perceived with respect to pollen foraging. Two factors influence the need for pollen: the quantity of pollen stored in cells and the amount of brood. To elucidate the mechanisms of perception, we changed the environment within normal-sized colonies by adding pollen or young brood and measured the pollen-foraging activity, while foragers had either direct access to them or not. Our results show that the amount of stored pollen, young brood, and empty space directly provide important stimuli that affect foraging behavior. Different mechanisms for forager perception of the change in the environment are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050557
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotypic differences in brood rearing in honey bee colonies: context-specific? (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 125-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Social insects ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics ; Nepotism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three experiments were performed to determine whether brood care in honey bee colonies is influenced by colony genetic structure and by social context. In experiment 1, there were significant genotypic biases in the relative likelihood of rearing queens or workers, based on observations of individually labeled workers of known age belonging to two visually distinguishable subfamilies. In experiment 2, no genotypic biases in the relative likelihood of rearing drones or workers was detected, in the same colonies that were used in experiment 1. In experiment 3, there again were significant genotypic differences in the likelihood of rearing queens or workers, based on electrophoretic analyses of workers from a set of colonies with allozyme subfamily markers. There also was an overall significant trend for colonies to show greater subfamily differences in queen rearing when the queens were sisters (half- and super-sisters) rather than unrelated, but these differences were not consistent from trial to trial for some colonies. Results of experiments 1 and 3 demonstrate genotypic differences in queen rearing, which has been reported previously based on more limited behavioral observations. Results from all three experiments suggest that genotypic differences in brood care are influenced by social context and may be more pronounced when workers have a theoretical opportunity to practice nepotism. Finally, we failed to detect persistent interindividual differences in bees from either subfamily in the tendency to rear queen brood, using two different statistical tests. This indicates that the probability of queen rearing was influenced by genotypic differences but not by the effect of prior queen-rearing experience. These results suggest that subfamilies within a colony can specialize on a particular task, such as queen rearing, without individual workers performing that task for extended periods of time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164183
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive competition in queenless honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Apis mellifera ; Genetics ; Drone production ; Allozymes ; Reproductive conflict
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously we reported that there are subfamily differences in drone production in queenless honey bee colonies, but these biases are not always explained by subfamily differences in oviposition behavior. Here we determine whether these puzzling results are best explained by either inadequate sampling of the laying worker population or reproductive conflict among workers resulting in differential treatment of eggs and larvae. Using colonies composed of workers from electrophoretically distinct subfamilies, we collected samples of adult bees engaged in the following behavior: “true” egg laying, “false” egg laying, indeterminate egg laying, egg cannibalism, or nursing (contact with larvae). We also collected samples of drone brood at four different ages: 0 to 2.5-h-old eggs, 0 to 24-h-old eggs, 3 to 8-day-old larvae, and 9 to 14-day-old larvae and pupae. Allozyme analyses revealed significant subfamily differences in the likelihood of exhibiting egg laying, egg cannibalism, and nursing behavior, as well as significant subfamily differences in drone production. There were no subfamily differences among the different types of laying workers collected from each colony, suggesting that discrepancies between subfamily biases in egg-laying behavior and drone production are not due to inadequate sampling of the laying worker population. Subfamily biases in drone brood production within a colony changed significantly with brood age. Laying workers had significantly more developed ovaries than either egg cannibals or nurses, establishing a physiological correlate for the observed behavioral genetic differences. These results suggest there is reproductive conflict among subfamilies and individuals within queenless colonies of honey bees. The implications of these results for the evolution of reproductive conflict, in both queenright and queenless contexts, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171499
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of colony-level selection on the social organization of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies: colony-level components of pollen hoarding (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Apis mellifera ; Colony-level selection ; Pollen storage ; Foraging ; Colony growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two-way selection for quantities of stored pollen resulted in the production of high and low pollen hoarding strains of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Strains differed in areas of stored pollen after a single generation of selection and, by the third generation, the high strain colonies stored an average 6 times more pollen than low strain colonies. Colony-level organizational components that potentially affect pollen stores were identified that varied genetically within and between these strains. Changes occurred in several of these components, in addition to changes in the selected trait. High strain colonies had a significantly higher proportion of foragers returning with loads of pollen, however, high and low strain colonies had equal total numbers of foragers Colony rates of intake of pollen and nectar were not independent. Selection resulted in an increase in the number of pollen collectors and a decrease in the number of nectar collectors in high strain colonies, while the reciprocal relationship occurred in the low strain. High and low strain colonies also demonstrated different diurnal foraging patterns as measured by the changing proportions of returning pollen foragers. High strain colonies of generation 3 contained significantly less brood than did low strain colonies, a consequence of a constraint on colony growth resulting from a fixed nest volume and large quantities of stored pollen. These components represent selectable colony-level traits on which natural selection can act and shape the social organization of honey bee colonies
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170718
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