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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Knee ; Anterior cruciate ligament ; ACL reconstruction ; Hamstring ; Graft fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Sportwissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the relative motion of a quadruple hamstring graft within the femoral bone tunnel (graft-tunnel motion) under tensile loading. Six graft constructs were prepared from the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons of human cadavers and were fixed with a titanium button and polyester tape within a bone tunnel in a cadaveric femur. Three different lengths of polyester tape (15, 25, and 35 mm loops) were evaluated. The femur was held stationary and uniaxial tensile loads were applied to the distal end of the graft using a materials testing machine. Each construct was subjected to loading for ten cycles with upper limits of 50 N, 100 N, 200 N and 300 N. Graft-tunnel motion was then determined using the distances between reflective tape markers placed on the hamstring graft and at the entrance to the femoral bone tunnel, which were tracked with a high-resolution video system. Graft-tunnel motion was found to range from 0.7 ± 0.2 mm to 3.3 ± 0.2 mm, and significant increases in graft-tunnel motion were observed with increasing tensile loads (P 〈 0.05). Shorter tape length (15 mm) resulted in significantly less motion when compared to longer tape length (35 mm) (P 〈 0.05). We conclude that graft-tunnel motion is significant and should be considered when using this fixation technique. Early stress on the graft, as seen in postoperative rehabilitation exercises and athletic activities, may cause large graft-tunnel motion before graft incorporation is complete. A shorter distance between the tendon tissue and the titanium button is recommended to minimize the amount of graft-tunnel motion. Alternative fixation materials to polyester tape, or different fixation techniques, need to be developed such that graft-tunnel motion can be reduced. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of graft-tunnel motion on graft incorporation in the bone tunnel.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Schlagwort(e): Anterior cruciate ligament ; Knee joint ; Biomechanics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Sportwissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of applied load on the magnitude, direction, and point of tibial intersection of the in situ forces of the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bands of the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) at 30° and 90° of knee flexion. An Instron was used to apply a 100 N anterior shear force to 11 human cadaver knees, 6 at 30° of knee flexion and 5 at 90° of knee flexion. A Universal Force Sensor (UFS) recorded the resultant 6 degree-of freedom (DOF) forces/moments. Each specimen then underwent serial removal of the AM and PL bands. With the knee limited to 1 DOF (anteroposterior), tests were performed before and after each structure was removed. Because the path was identical in each test, the principle of superposition was applied. Thus, the difference between the resultant forces could be attributed to the force carried by the structure just removed. The magnitudes of force in the ACL at 30° and 90° of knee flexion were 114.1±7.4 N and 90.8±8.3 N, respectively (P〈0.05). At 30°, the AM and PL bundles carried 95% and 4% of the total ACL force, respectively. At 90°, the AM and PL bands carried 85% and 13%, respectively (P〈0.05). The direction of the in situ force in the whole ACL as well as its two bands correlated with the anatomic orientation of the ligament. The resultant total ACL force intersected the tibial plateau at the posterolateral aspect of the AM band's insertion at 30° of knee flexion, while at 90°, the force intersection moved posteriorly to the AM/PL border. This research provides new insight into the fundamental force relationships of the ACL and its bundles. In response to an anterior tibial shear force, the AM band of the ACL was the predominant load carrier at both 30° and 90° of knee flexion. However, contrary to carlier reports, the in situ force carried in the PL band increased as knee flexion increased. Further, the tibial intersection of the resultant ACL force moved laterally with knee flexion. These findings confirm the dynamic structure of the ACL that in itself has no isometricity and may also indicate that there is no ideal location in which to position a replacement graft. The use of this methodology with more physiologically unconstrained motion should lead to more definitive clinical conclusions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 7 (1999), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Anterior knee stability ; Anterior cruciate ligament ; Medial ; collateral ligament
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Sportwissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Ligaments and other soft tissues, as well as bony contact, all contribute to anterior stability of the knee joint. This study was designed to measure the in situ force in the medial collateral ligament (MCL), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterolateral structures (PLS), and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in response to 110 N anterior tibial loading. The changes in knee kinematics associated with ACL deficiency and combined MCL+ACL deficiency were also evaluated. Utilizing a robotic/universal force-moment sensor system, ten human cadaveric knee joints were tested between 0° and 90° of knee flexion. This unique testing system is designed to determine the in situ forces in structures of interest without making mechanical contact with the tissue. More importantly, data for individual structures can be obtained from the same knee specimen since the robotic manipulator can reproduce the motion of the intact knee. The in situ forces in the ACL under anterior tibial loading to 110 N were highest at 15° flexion, 103 ± 14 N (mean ± SD), decreasing to 59.2 ± 30 N at 90° flexion. For the MCL, these forces were 8.0 ± 3.5 N and 38.1 ± 25 N, respectively. Forces due to bony contact were as high as 34.1 ± 23 N at 30° flexion, while those in the PLS were relatively small at all flexion angles. Combined MCL+ACL deficiency was found to significantly increase anterior tibial translation relative to the ACL-deficient knee only above 60° of knee flexion. These findings confirm the hypothesis that there is significant load sharing between various ligaments and bony contact during anterior tibial loading of the knee. For this reason, the MCL and osteochondral surfaces may also be at significant risk during ACL injury.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1434-3924
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Vorderes Kreuzband ; Vorderer Kreuzbandersatz ; Pes anserinus ; Semitendinosussehne ; Biomechanik ; Zyklische Belastung ; Key words Anterior cruciate ligament ; Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction ; Hamstrings ; Semitendinosus ; Biomechanics ; Cyclic loading
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The purpose of this study was to determine the viscoplastic deformation in a quadrupled semitendinosus graft construct using a titanium button/ tape and screw post/suture fixation technique in response to cyclic loading. Eight quadrupled grafts for replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) were prepared from human cadaveric semitendinosus tendons. For fixation, a polyester tape attached to a titanium button and four #2 nonresorbable sutures attached to each of the four tendon ends tied around a post screw were used. The graft construct was mounted on an INSTRON testing machine, with the titanium button and the post screw rigidly fixed at a constant distance of 120 mm. Cyclic creep tests (with 100 cycles each) were performed (A) between 20 and 100 N and (B) between 20 and 150 N (Fig. 1). The test sequence was A1-A2-B1-B2-A3 with a rest period of 1 h between single tests for graft recovery. The length of the graft construct after each rest period was used to determine the permanent elongation. Relative length changes along the graft construct (proximal, central, distal) were determined using a video tracking device. Finally, a load-to-failure test was performed. Under all test conditions the maximum elongation of the graft construct increased from the first to the 100th cycle, ranging from 1.0 mm to 3.1 mm. While these so-called creep patterns were almost identical in A1 and A2, elongations under A3 were 3–4 mm higher than under A1 and A2, probably as a result of higher loads at B1 and B2. The permanent elongation of the graft constructs after completion of the test series was 3.9 ± 0.9 mm. Further analysis revealed that about 97% of this deformation occurred within the fixation materials and interfaces (distal and proximal section) and only about 3% within the tendon tissue (central section). The load-to-failure test revealed an ultimate load of 416 ± 36 N and a stiffness of 32.4 ± 1.3 N/mm. All constructs failed at the polyester tape. Our results indicate that repetitive cyclic loading at relatively low loads can result in substantial, permanent elongation of a quadrupled semitendinosus graft construct with endobutton/tape and suture/post screw fixation method. Similar loads may be experienced by the graft construct during early postoperative activities and be a cause of gradual failure before graft incorporation is complete. We conclude that aggressive postoperative rehabilitation be applied with caution when using this graft construct. Better fixation materials and/ or techniques should be developed to improve biomechanical behavior of the graft construct.
    Notizen: Die gevierfachte Semitendinosussehne wird von einigen Autoren als gleichwertiger Ersatz zum Patellarsehnentransplantat zur Rekonstruktion des vorderen Kreuzbands empfohlen. Einige klinische Fehlschläge mit diesem Transplantat veranlaßten uns, das primäre Transplantatkonstrukt biomechanisch zu untersuchen. Es war unsere Hypothese, daß infolge repetitiver, zyklischer Belastung eine viskoplastische Längenzunahme im Transplantatkonstrukt auftritt. 8 Semitendinussehnen von Leichengeweben wurden in der klinisch angewandten Technik zu einem Vierfachtransplantat präpariert. Zur proximalen Verankerung dienten ein Polyesterband und ein Titanplättchen. Die freien Sehnenenden wurden zur späteren distalen Fixierung mit Fäden um eine kortikale Fixierungsschraube angeschlungen. Das Titanplättchen und eine distale Kortikalisschraube wurden fest mit einer mechanischen Prüfmaschine zur weiteren Testung verbunden. Der Abstand der Fixierungspunkte lag bei 120 mm. Nach Präkonditionierung erfolgte das Knoten der Fäden bei maximaler Spannung. Es erfolgte zunächst eine Serie aus 5 zyklischen Belastungtests zwischen 20 und 100N (Test A) oder 20 und 150N (Test B). Die Testfolge war A 1 -A 2 -B 1 -B 2 -A 3 mit einer 1stündigen Entlastung der Konstrukte zur möglichen Rückbildung viskoelastischer Effekte. Nach jeder Entlastungphase erfolgte eine Längenmessung bei 3N Vorspannung. Während der zyklischen Belastung wurde mit einer digitalen Videoanalyse die relative Bewegung innerhalb von 3 Abschnitten des Konstrukts bestimmt. Abschließend erfolgte ein Zerreißtest. In Folge der zyklischen Belastung kam es zu einer durchschnittlichen viskoplastischen Längenzunahme der Transplantatkonstrukte von 3,9 ± 0,9 mm. Nur ca. 3% dieser Längenzunahme fanden im Bereich des Sehnengewebes statt. Alle Konstrukte versagten durch Zerreissen des Mersilenebands bei einer Maximallast von 416 ± 36N. Die Steifigkeit lag bei 32,4 ± 1,3N/mm. Die Ergebnisse stützen die Hypothese, daß eine beträchtliche viskoplastische Längenzunahme in den Transplantatkonstrukten infolge zyklischer Belastung auftritt. Ähnliche Belastungen können in den Transplantatkonstrukten bei Kniebelastungen in der frühen postoperativen Phase auftreten und Ursache für eine Auslockerung vor Einheilung in den Knochenkanal sein. Wir schließen aus unseren Ergebnissen, daß eine aggressive Rehabilitation bei Verwendung dieser Technik nicht empfohlen werden kann. Verbesserte Techniken und/ oder Materialien zur Verankerung der Semitendinosusessehnen sollten entwickelt werden, um das biomechanische Verhalten der Transplantatkonstrukte zu verbessern.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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