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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 631-639 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteopenia ; Noninvasive monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Radiological techniques were utilized for monitoring progressive changes in compact bone in the tibia of monkeys during experimentally induced osteopenia. Bone mass loss in the tibia during restraint was evaluated from radiographs, from bone mineral analysis, and from images reconstructed from gamma ray computerized tomography. The losses during 6 months of restraint tended to occur predominantly in the proximal tibia and were characterized by subperiosteal bone loss, intracortical striations, and scalloped endosteal surfaces. Bone mineral content in the cross section of the tibia declined 17–21%. Tomography demonstrated endosteal widening and reduced mineral content per unit of thickness of cortical bone. In 6 months of recovery, the mineral content of the proximal tibia remained depressed. Effects of the dynamic environment on local-regional changes in various skeletal areas are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Bending rigidity ; Disuse atrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The in vivo bending rigidity and bone mineral content of monkey ulnae and tibiae were measured. Bending rigidity in the anteroposterior plane was measured by an impedance probe technique. Forced vibrations of the bones were induced with an electromechanical shaker, and force and velocity at the driving point were determined. The responses over the range of 100–250 Hz were utilized to compute the bending rigidity. Bone mineral content in the cross section was determined by a photon absorption technique. Seventeen male monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) weighing 6–14 kg were evaluated. Repeatability of the rigidity measures was 4%. Bone mineral content was measured with a precision of 3.5%. Bending rigidity was correlated with the mineral content of the cross section,r=0.899. Two monkeys were evaluated during prolonged hypodynamic restraint. Restraint produced regional losses of bone most obviously in the proximal tibia. Local bone mineral content declines 17 to 24% and the average bending rigidity declines 12 to 22%. Changes in bones leading to a reduction in mineral content and stiffness are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Microradiography ; Parturition ; Hypocalcemia ; Hypervitaminosis D ; Adult ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude microradiographique et histologique de l'os cortical et spongieux a permis de mettre en évidence des remaniements peu profonds chez des vaches, présentant une sévère hypocalcémie et des parésies peu avant la mise à bas. Les surfaces de l'os spongieux et haversien apparaissent inactives et identiques à des coupes de vaches non pleines ou ne fournissant pas de lait. Les surfaces inactives sont lisses et bordées par une zone de radiodensité augmentée. L'absence de réponse ostéoclastique n'est pas due à l'accumulation de tissu ostéoide le long des surfaces d'os haversien et spongieux. La lactation est associée à une augmentation triple de la résorption de l'os spongieux de 7 à 10 jours post-partum chez les vaches témoins. En soumettant les vaches à un régime pauvre en calcium pendant 30 jours, on observe une hypocalcémie significative et une augmentation double de la résorption osseuse. L'adjonction de doses pharmacologiques de vitamine D (30 millions d'unités par jour), du 20ème au 30ème jour de l'administration du régime pauvre en calcium provoque une résorption osseuse additionnelle (environ quintuplée), surtout à la surface de l'os spongieux. L'adjonction de vitamine D empêche le développement de l'hypocalcémie, mais ne produit pas une hypercalcémie décelable. Des concentrations identiques de vitamine D, administrées, pendant 3 à 10 jours, à des vaches, ingérant du calcium et du phosphore à doses normales, provoquent une hypercalcémie et des lacunes de résorption de l'os cortical. La vitamine D semble plus efficace que les régimes pauvres en calcium pour agir sur l'homéostasie du calcium, en modifiant le métabolisme squelettique des vaches adultes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Durch mikroradiographische und histologische Bestimmungen des kortikalen und trabekulären Knochens konnte ein niedriger Knochenumsatz bei Kühen nachgewiesen werden, die kurz vor dem Kalbern ein Syndrom von schwerer Hypocalcaemie und Parese entwickelten. Die trabekulären und Haversschen Oberflächen schienen inaktiv und sahen Schnitten von nicht säugenden und nicht trächtigen Kühen ähnlich. Die inaktiven Oberflächen waren glatt und von einer Zone erhöhter Röntgendichte umgeben. Der Ausfall der Osteoklastenreaktion beruhte nicht auf einer Anhäufung von Osteoid längs der trabekulären und Haversschen Oberflächen. Während der Laktation nahm die Resorption des trabekulären Knochens vom siebten bis zum zehnten Tag postpartum bei Kontrollkühen um das Dreifache zu. Wurden die Kühe während 30 Tagen mit einer calciumarmen Diät gefüttert, so entstanden eine signifikante Hypocalcaemie und eine zweifache Zunahme der Knochenresorption. Wurde vom 20. bis 30. Tag der calciumarmen Diätperiode Vitamin D in pharmakologischen Dosen (30 Millionen Einheiten pro Tag) zugesetzt, so erhöhte sich die Knochenresorption noch mehr (ungefähr um das Fünffache), vor allem längs der trabekulären Oberflächen. Das zugesetzte Vitamin D verhinderte die Bildung einer Hypocalcaemie, verursachte jedoch keine nachweisbare Hypercalcaemie. Gleiche Vitamin D-Dosen, die während 3 bis 10 Tagen an Kühe mit einer normalen Calcium- und Phosphateinnahme abgegeben wurden, verursachten eine Hypercalcaemie und zahlreiche Resorptionsräume im kortikalen Knochen. Es scheint, daß Vitamin D wirksamer ist als eine calciumarme Diät in der Beeinflussung der Calciumhomöostase durch Veränderung des Skelettmetabolismus bei ausgewachsenen Kühen.
    Notes: Abstract Microradiographic and histologic evaluation of cortical and trabecular bone revealed a low turnover in cows which developed a syndrome of profound hypocalcemia and paresis near parturition. Trabecular and Haversian surfaces appeared inactive and were similar to sections from nonlactating-nonpregnant cows. The inactive surfaces were smooth and bordered by a zone of increased radiodensity. The failure of osteoclastic response was not due to the accumulation of osteoid along trabecular and Haversian surfaces. Lactation was associated with a threefold increase in resorption of trabecular bone at 7 to 10 days postpartum in control cows. Feeding a calcium-deficient diet to cows for 30 days resulted in a significant hypocalcemia and a twofold increase in bone resorption. The addition of pharmacologic doses of vitamin D (30 million units daily) from the 20th to 30th day of feeding the calcium-deficient diet further increased bone resorption (approximately fivefold), primarily along trabecular surfaces. The added vitamin D prevented hypocalcemia but did not produce a detectable hypercalcemia. Similar levels of vitamin D administered for 3 to 10 days to cows with a normal calcium and phosphorus intake resulted in hypercalcemia and numerous resorption spaces in cortical bone. Vitamin D appeared to be more effective than calcium-deficient diets in influencing calcium homeostasis by altering skeletal metabolism in adult cows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 437-456 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Cr ; oxidation ; kinetics ; oxide morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ferritic polycrystalline Fe-24 wt.% Cr was oxidized in pure oxygen at 190 ≤ T≤490° C and pressures in the range 5.3×10−2–13.3 Pa for periods of up to 5 hr. The reaction proceeded in three stages. An initial period of accelerating rate was accompanied by oxide island nucleation and growth. Following island coalescence the rate was approximately logarithmic at low temperatures and somewhat slower than parabolic at high temperatures. Rate control during this period was thought to be due to mass transport through the oxide grain boundaries left by the island impingement process. During these first two stages the oxide formed was γ-M2O3 with possibly some spinel. The final stage of reaction involved the appearance of α-M2O3 on the outer oxide surface and a substantial slowing of the oxidation rate due to the low diffusivity in this phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 36 (1991), S. 157-174 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: bixbyite ; iron-chromium-manganese alloys ; spinel ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of nine ternary iron-chromium-manganese alloys was studied at 900°C in an oxygen partial pressure of 26.7 kPa. The manganese concentration was set at 2, 6, and 10 wt. %, and chromium at 5, 12, and 20 wt. %. The scales formed on the low-chromium alloys consisted of (Mn,Fe)2O3, α-Fe2O3, and Fe3O4. These alloys all exhibited internal oxidation and scale detachment upon cooling. The scales formed on the higher-chromium alloys were complicated by nodule formation. Initially, these scales had an outer layer of MnCr2O4 with Cr2O3 underneath, adjacent to the alloy. With the passage of time, however, nodules formed, and the overall reaction rate increased. This tendency was more marked at higher manganese contents. Although these alloys contained a high chromium content, the product chromia scale usually contained manganese. It was concluded that the presence of manganese in iron-chromium alloys had an adverse effect on the oxidation resistance over a wide range of chromium levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 239-264 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; carburization ; sulfidation ; scaling ; internal precipitation ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Scaling reactions between pure metals and multiple oxidant gases are reviewed briefly. It is recognized that elemental oxidant activities are usually so low that the actual reactant species are heteronuclear molecules such as SO2, CO2, etc. The formation of duplex, sulfide-oxide scales on iron and manganese, even when sulfide is unstable with respect to oxide, is attributed to direct reaction with SO2. The persistence of the metastable sulfide is due to its preservation by the rapidly growing scale. The reaction of pure chromium with a number of mixed gases is also discussed. The continued formation of carbides and nitrides beneath an external Cr2O3 scale layer indicates that the latter material is permeable to gas species. Interaction among different gas species is observed, and is attributed to selective adsorption on internal surfaces within the chromium oxide. New work on the reaction of alloys with mixed gases is reported. Several austenitic heat-resistant alloys were exposed at 1000°C to gases containing one, two or all of the oxidants carbon, sulfur and oxygen. Gases containing two or more oxidants produced multiple zones of internal precipitation. The precipitates were chromium-rich oxides, sulfides and carbides arranged in order of thermodynamic stability: oxides beneath the external scale, carbides deepest within the alloys and sulfides in an intermediate zone overlapping the oxide zone. Each precipitate zone widened according to parabolic kinetics. This finding confirms the as yet untested prediction made by J. L. Meijering in 1971. However, the rate at which a particular zone grows changes according to presence of other oxidants. Interactions between the oxidants can be large and reaction rates are currently not predictable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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