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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and central synaptic connections of the efferent neurons innervating the crayfish hindgut (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 369-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hindgut efferents ; Synapses ; HRP labeling ; Orconectes limosus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution, morphology and synaptic connections of the hindgut efferent neurons in the last (sixth) abdominal ganglion of the crayfish, Orconectes limosus, have been investigated using light and electron microscopy in conjunction with retrograde cobalt/nickel and HRP labeling through the intestinal nerve. The hindgut efferent neurons occur singly and in clusters, and are unipolar. Their axonal projections are uniform and consist of a thick primary neurite with typical lateral projections and limited arborization of varicose fibers in the ganglionic neuropil. They also send lower order axon processes to the ganglionic neural sheath, where they arborize profusely, forming a network of varicose fibers. The majority of the efferent neurons project to the anterior part of the hindgut. HRP-labeled axon profiles are found in both pre- and postsynaptic position in the neuropil of the ganglion. HRP-labeled axon profiles also establish pre- and postsynaptic contacts in the intestinal nerve root. All hindgut efferent terminals contain similar synaptic vesicle populations: ovoid agranular vesicles (50–60 nm) and a few large granular vesicles (100–200 nm). It is suggested that the hindgut efferent neurons in the last abdominal ganglion are involved in: (1) innervation of the hindgut; (2) central integrative processes; (3) “en route” synaptic modification of efferent and afferent signals in the intestinal nerve; (4) neurohumoral modulation of peripheral physiological processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225809
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural and ultrastructural features of the inlet and outlet regions of the urinary bladders of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis L. (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 201 (1989), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each of the 34 nephridia in the leech, Hirudo medicinalis, has its own separate bladder. Urine flows from the last portion of the nephridium, the final canal, into the bladder through a special inlet which prevents backflow of urine. This inlet consists of a vestibule formed by two serially arranged septa, each with a small pore. As no muscles or cilia are associated with either the nephridia or the bladder inlet, urine flow into the bladder is passive. Urine leaves the bladder through an outlet that consists of a urethra with sphincters at both ends and an opening, the nephridiopore, in the ventral skin. The sphincter muscles are distinct from the body wall muscles and receive double innervation: urine retention and release is therefore active.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052010307
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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