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  • Electronic Resource  (28)
  • Chemistry  (26)
  • Collusion  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CooperationV. Rivalry and factors facilitating collusion (1994)
    Springer
    Review of industrial organization 9 (1994), S. 823-838 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Collusion ; conjectures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A perennial topic in industrial economics is collusion. Kwoka and Ravenscraft (1986) developed a model to measure the collusiveness of conjectures across industries as a function of intra-industry rivalry among leading firms. But extensive literature suggests that the degree of collusion may also depend upon underlying market characteristics. We modify the Kwoka and Ravenscraft model to account for this. Our results suggest that underlying market characteristics do matter. Intra-industry rivalry and conjectures vary with the level and stability of concentration, and to a lesser degree with product homogeneity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026587
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparations and reactions of trifluoromethylthiocopper (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Heteroatom Chemistry 3 (1992), S. 189-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7163
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Trifluoromethylthiocopper, a versatile reagent for the introduction of the trifluoromethylthio group into organic compounds, has been prepared in a crystalline form. The thiyl radicals, generated in situ from this precursor, cause the cleavage of the 3—S bond of di- and trisulfides to give unsymmetrical di- and trisulfides. Unsymmeirical n-butyl trifluoromethyl disulfide is formed by the cleaveage of the C—S bond of n-butyl sulfide.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hc.520030216
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Principal directions as a basis for the evaluation mixing (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1527-1534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measures of mixing for laminar flow are developed from basic principles of continuum mechanics for infinitesimal rates of stretch. The entire analysis is performed from the basis of the eigenvalues and principal directions of the appropriate flow tensors. Measuring the rate of line growth, where the line marks the interface between two miscible fluids, in terms of the major eigenvalue provides a direct measure of the maximum rate of mixing. Two efficiency measures for mixing are derived in terms of the eigenvalues and their directions. The creation efficiency of the magnitude of the major eigenvalue as a function of the energy input into the flow field is evaluated. The orientation of the interface to the principal direction qualifies the mixing efficiency in laminar flow. The new theory is used to analyze two-dimensional and three-dimensional channels. The results demonstrate not only the continuum measures for mixing but also extend our present understanding on mixing and provide future directions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760351906
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of fluid decoupling on viscous mixing (1993)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 33 (1993), S. 1270-1278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow in a three-dimensional channel with a sinusoidally-wavy, vertical wall is examined for the case of applied down- and cross-channel velocity components. An important parameter for the analysis of the nature of laminar mixing in the flow field occurs when the changes in the downstream direction can be decoupled from the changes in the cross-channel direction, thereby allowing for a two-dimensional solution of the system of equations. This paper shows the effect on the nature of laminar mixing when the decoupling of the momentum equations from a fully three-dimensional case to one where a two-dimensional solution can be performed. Experiments are performed on a channel with sinusoidally varying vertical walls that cover the range of decoupling criteria. Silicone pigmented either white or black was run in the apparatus, cured, and cross-sectioned. The cross sections embody a local, detailed history of the state of mixing as it proceeds down the mixer. The amount of mixing is presented as a function of position at each cross section for the different channel configurations. The nature of mixing changes from a linear growth rate in the amount of interfacial area to an exponential rate as the amplitude of the wave is increased. Results demonstrate the existence of chaos, islands, and the factors affecting the mixing behavior.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760331907
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer trace devolatilization: II. Case study and experimental verification (1997)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 1874-1883 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work, the bimodal/film model is compared with the cell model based on a case study using polystyrene/styrene devolatilization. It shows improvements over the cell model: (1) it requires a lower initial number of bubbles, which is more physically realistic and (2) it takes into account the observation of a limiting foam volume growth for a specific polymer in devolatilization. A stripper dispersion experiment was designed to investigate the effect of dispersed nitrogen stripper bubbles on the foam dynamics and devolatilization efficiency. The variables examined include polymer viscosity, initial volatile concentration, and the initial number and size of dispersed stripper bubbles. Polymer viscosity was the dominant factor in limiting the maximum foam volume expansion. The number and size of dispersed stripper bubbles show positive and negative effects (which are only secondary) on the maximum foam volume expansion, respectively. The initial volatile concentration has no effect on limiting the maximum foam volume expansion.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690430722
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer trace devolatilization: I. Foaming experiments and model development (1997)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 1861-1873 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Volatile species are removed from polymers by devolatilization. Foaming experiments using corn syrup and low-density polyethylene were carried out to investigate effects of volatile content, operating vacuum level and stripping agent in devolatilization. When foaming and rupture occur, a limiting foam volume growth was observed for a polymer regardless of the volatile content and the addition of stripper bubbles. A mathematical model was also developed to study the effect of stripper bubbles in polymer devolatilization. Based on the cell model for bubble growth, a bimodal model for foam growth is developed as the first step to describe the initial formation and growth of the volatile and stripper bubbles in polymer during devolatilization. When foaming and breakup occur at a critical foam volume expansion, a film model for mass transfer is used to model the second step of devolatilization. A numerical factorial study shows that the devolatilization section should be designed and operated to provide the screw channel sufficient free volume and residence time for the desired foam expansion.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690430721
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of breakup mechanisms in cavity flow (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 649-659 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Drop breakup mechanisms inside a cavity flow are presented for two immiscible fluids. Due to the nonuniform flow condition of the cavity, the breakup mechanism varied along the streamlines. The streamlines were characterized by stream zones A and B, where zone A possessed a methodical transient breakup governed by Tomotika's breakup via capillary instabilities, and the breakup mechanism of stream zone B consisted of tip streaming breakup, an inefficient breakup mechanism. The flow behavior near flight region had a significant role in the drop breakup mechanisms. The study of the evolution of drop dispersion showed that the matrix viscosity is critical in controlling the transient breakup process and that the shear rate increase had little or no effect on the drop breakup.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420306
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficiencyv. collusion: Evidence cast in cement (1994)
    Springer
    Review of industrial organization 9 (1994), S. 379-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Collusion ; efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Through the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. portland cement industry experienced a significant increase in average plant size and market concentration. A simultaneous equation model is developed to examine the effects of plant size and concentration on costs, prices and margins in that industry. The results indicate the presence of significant scale economies, but also show that prices and margins are increasing in concentration. Further analysis shows that almost one third of the cost savings associated with larger plants are passed on to producers through higher margins resulting from concomitant increases in concentration, rather than to consumers as lower prices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01029512
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dielectric loss features of some epoxy resins (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2003-2023 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: At temperatures far below the heat distortion point, the dissipation factor (and therefore power factor) of epoxy resins is comparably low - in the order of 0.001-0.01. Internally flexibilized, polyester-modified resins may have higher loss tangents, in the order of 0.01-0.10, even at room temperature. At temperatures far above the heat distortion point, anhydride curing agents give lower dissipation factors than do amines or acids. With anhydride cures, the higher molecular weight resins investigated cure faster than the lower molecular weight resins, give lower elevated temperature power factors and loss tangents, and are tougher. With any hardener-epoxy resin system, the optimum elevated temperature power factor, weight loss on aging and heat distortion point will probably depend on a close examination of the optimum hardener/resin ratio.With certain anhydride-cured low molecular weight epoxy resin systems, an increased rate of cure and lower elevated temperature power factor may be obtained by use of a small amount of higher molecular weight (polyhydroxy) epoxy resin. Attempts to compare the effect on power factor of changing the hydroxyl groups to less mobile dipoles by acetylation were unsuccessful, since the resulting acetoxy groups changed the cure mechanisms. However studies with resins of different molecular weights indicated that the effect of hydroxyl content on elevated temperature power factor is subordinate to other effects such as the rigidity of the cured resin system, rate of cure and ionic impurities. Acetylation of hydroxyl-containing epoxy resins may inhibit cure with some curing agents, due to side reactions of the resulting acetoxy group with specific hardeners.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070605
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of methods for measuring the tacticity of poly(vinyl chloride) by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1978), S. 2895-2912 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 60 MHz undecoupled α-, 90 MHz undecoupled β-, and 90 MHz decoupled α- and β-proton spectra were measured for seven poly(vinyl chloride) samples, four of these being commercial type polymers, the others were prepared at +75°C, +5°C and -30°C. The results were used to assess the preferred approach to the determination of tacticity. The reproducibility of the values from different solutions of a given polymer is significantly worse than that between a series of runs on a particular solution, showing that sampling errors are larger than those from instrumental sources. Although the 60 MHz spectra were found to be unsatisfactory when interpreted on a first order basis, curve fitting methods, which were similar to those used for the other types of spectra and involved the use of reasonable assumptions for chemical shifts and coupling constants, gave results of comparable precision to those from the two types of decoupled spectra and superior to those from the undecoupled 90 MHz spectra. The preferred approach is to combine the results from α- and β-proton spectra and to examine more than one solution of a given material. The applicability of Bernoullian propagation statistics was assumed in the majority of the curve fitting calculations; in the cases where this was not so the results were used to test this assumption and it has proved to be valid.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1978.021791209
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