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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 77 (1965), S. 699-716 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird versucht, aus neueren chemischen und biochemischen Daten eine Basis für das Verständnis Flavin-(Vitamin-B2-) abhängiger Oxydation aufzuzeigen. Diese Übersicht möchte folgendes herausstellen: Die chemischen Eigenschaften der Flavine müssen nach Redoxstufen (Chinonstufe, Radikalstufe, Hydrochinonstufe) differenziert werden, denn bei der Reduktion ändern sich Planarität, Energieinhalt der Tautomerformen, Metall-Affinität usw. drastisch.  -  Die Methylgruppe an C-8 der Flavochinone ist reaktionsfähig.  -  Die Elektronentransfer-Eigenschaften des Flavin-Systems hängen oft von der Kopplung an sekundäre Redox-Systeme im Apoprotein ab. Diese Wechselwirkung stabilisiert die halbreduzierte Stufe des Flavins thermodynamisch.  -  Synthesen in der Dihydrostufe machen zahlreiche neue Flavin-Typen, u. a. stabilisierte freie Radikale, zugänglich.  -  Das Flavinradikal reagiert nur langsam mit O2, solange es nicht disproportionieren kann, d. h. die schnelle Flavin-Autoxydation verläuft über die Dihydrostufe.  -  Der Flavinkern gewinnt erst durch Aufnahme eines und nur eines Elektrons Affinität zu Schwermetallionen.  -  Redox-Aktivität und Kontakt mit dem Flavocoenzym sind für die in Flavoproteinen vorkommenden Metalle Fe und Mo sichergestellt. Die Eigenschaften der Metall-Koordinationssphäre werden in erster Linie durch schwefelhaltige Gruppen des Apoproteins bestimmt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 40 (1957), S. 180-186 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Starting from lumiflavine and its 2-thio-analogue, the leukoflavine nucleus was obtained and stabilized by reductive acylation. The acyl-leuko-compounds seem to exhibit the possibility of substitution reactions in 2- and 4-positions. Several new lumiflavines were obtained, e. g. 4-thiolumiflavine and 2-desoxylumiflavine. The latter shows rather peculiar oxido-reductive properties which are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 41 (1958), S. 2058-2065 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thiosemicarbazones of aromatic aldehydes react with acetic anhydride to give well-defined N4,S-diacetyl derivatives, which readily undergo oxidative cyclisation to 2-aryl-4-acetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. From these intermediates, aryl-thiadiazoles - especially 2-(2′-pyridyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, inaccessible by the common methods - can be obtained by acidic deacetylation, SANDMEYER substitution and catalytic dehalogenation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 42 (1959), S. 2164-2177 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 8-methyl group of riboflavin and lumiflavin is shown to be activated, in agreement with B. & A. Pullman's LCAO-MO-model. Chemical evidence for this is given by reactions of 8-chloro-7,10-dimethyl-flavin with nucleophilic agents, of 8-methylflavins with NO and CO groups, and by the base-catalysed dimerisation of 8-methylflavins giving rise to a new class of flavin-like pigments. The particular redox-behaviour of these “biflavins” is described and their possible biochemical importance is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 43 (1960), S. 372-394 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The complex alkylation reactions of leucoflavin derivatives are shown to give O-substituted products of a new type rather than N-substituted ones. Characteristic differences in the chemical behaviour of (iso)alloxazines and of their leuco-compounds are outlined. Stabilization and decomposition of flavosemiquinones have been further studied. It is shown, that flavin catabolism (N-10-dealkylation) occurs in the semiquinonoid state at room temperature, and is neither confined to hydroxyalkylflavins, nor to specific catalysis by light. Based upon these and recent findings of other authors, a new mechanism of metal-catalysed flavin catabolism is proposed. 1,3,10-Trimethyl-leucoflavin was prepared and found to give a stabilized monomeric semiquinone on oxidation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The behaviour of half reduced isoalloxazine (flavocoenzyme) systems, riboflavin and analogues, has been studied acidimetrically and spectrophotometrically in aqueous solution, in the presence or absence of non-redox d-metal ions. The metal has been found to combine selectively with the flavin semiquinone anion, forming deep red radical chelates with cornproportionation of the ligand system. Colour and reactivity of native metal-containing flavoenzymes might be explained satisfactorily by this. Reference has been made to biological conclusions advanced elsewhere.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For a better understanding of structure and properties of heteroaromatic species involved in flavin catalysed electron transfer, an investigation has been made with suitable isoalloxazine models of flavo-coenzymes, e. g. 2- and 4-thio- and -iminoflavins, N- and O-alkylated flavins as well as N,N-, N,O-, O,O-dialkylated and unsubstituted leucoflavins and flavinium salts. From analyses of UV.-, visible, IR.- and ESR.-spectra at different redox-states, pH's and solvent polarities, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1In the oxidised state (“flavoquinonc”) flavin appears in the “diketo” form only. It is protonated at N(1). Its two “iminol-esters” (term to be preferred over “enolethers”) do not differ markedly in the visible and UV. absorption from the parent compound, but can be differentiated by their basicities. Both are “high energy” forms of flavin, the 2-isomers being more stable than the 4-isomers.2In the reduced state (“flavohydroquinone”) concentrated flavin solutions are, by long wave end-absorption, rendered more deeply coloured than in the oxidized state. The intensity of this absorption in the 500-700 mμ range appears to be a measure of molecular planarity.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structure and properties of leucoflavin derivatives obtained through flavinsensitized photodecarboxylation of phenylacetate ions are described. The photoreduction of flavin with phenylacetate as donor is shown to be a quantitative photoalkylation, the benzyl residue entering either position 5 (nitrogen) or the bridge position 4a (carbon) of the flavin nucleus, depending on the conditions. The isomers were isolated, and identified by IR., NMR., and elementary analysis. The benzyl residue migrates from N(5) to C(4a) upon heating.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Flavohydroquinones (leucoflavins) protected by acetylation at N(5) have been alkylated to give derivatives substituted at oxygen and/or nitrogen functions in the pyrimidine part of the nucleus. Removal of the protecting group under oxidizing conditions gave N(1),N(3)-, O(2),N(3)- or O(2), O(4)-dialkyl-flavoquinonium salts. The N(1)-substituted type could be reduced to give free flavohydroquinones stable in air, which in turn could be further alkylated at N(5). On oxidation the N(5)-alkyl groups are readily removed through the radical intermediate. The N(10)-alkyl groups may be split from the flavoquinonium salt if they are activated (e. g. -CH2COOR). The O-alkyl groups are readily hydrolysed under neutral or slightly acid conditions whereas a basic medium provokes deprotonation at the 8-CH3 group and concomitant irreversible dimerization. The potential importance of these models for elucidating the mechanism of flavin-dependent biological dehydrogenation is mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 50 (1967), S. 411-416 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By oxydation of N(5)-methyl-6,7-diphenyl-5,6-dihydro- and N(5)-methyl-6,7-diphenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-pterine derivatives with perhydrol 8-monohydro- and 6,7,8-trihydro-pteridine radical cations are produced which are sufficiently stable for detection and structural elucidation by ESR. hyperfine analysis. The biological implications of these radicals for pteridine dependent hydroxylation and methyl transfer from 5-methylfolinic acid are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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