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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1755-1765 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 1-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride ; amide acid ; poly(amic acid) ; isomeric unit ; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two different poly(amic acid)s were synthesized by the polycondensations of 1-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CF3DAN) with p-phenylene diamine and benzidine. In addition, an amide acid model compound was prepared from CF3DAN and aniline. Isomeric units in the poly(amic acid)s as well as the amide acid were investigated by 1H and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Spectroscopic results indicate that the major isomeric component was a CF3-meta-isomeric unit centered on the aromatic carbon substituted with the trifluoromethyl group. In particular, the amide acid compound was determined to be composed of 80 mol % CF3-meta-isomer and 20 mol % H-meta-isomer. Therefore, for the poly(amic acid)s, the minor isomeric component is speculated to be a H-meta-isomeric unit rather than a para-isomeric unit. The result might result mainly from the strong electron-withdrawable and bulky trifluoromethyl substituent in the CF3DAN monomer. The strong electron withdrawability might significantly enhance the reactivities of the adjacent carbons in the monomer to the nucleophilic attack of the amino nitrogen in the aniline and diamines, and consequently overcome the role of the bulkyness, ultimately leading to the amide acid and poly(amic acid)s rich with the CF3-meta-isomeric unit. In addition, a portion of the imide form was detected in the dried AN-CF3DAM-AN amide acid. Thus, the formation of imide linkage might be involved in a small portion for the dried poly(amic acid)s. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1755-1765, 1998
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42 (1993), S. 260-265 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: fouling ; ultrafiltration ; protein aggregates ; field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The factors contributing to protein aggregation in albumin ultrafiltration were investigated as a function of operation conditions. The nature of protein deposits was examined by electron microscopy. Protein aggregation appears to occur as a result of rapid supersaturation of protein molecules and high solvent velocity (shear) in the concentrated layer near the membrane surface. The shear occurring in the solvent flow on the membrane surface probably unfolds protein molecules and thus promotes flocculation due to collision between particles. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 47 (1995), S. 174-180 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: ultrafiltration membranes ; protein fouling ; BET measurements ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Membrane morphology is compared to protein depostion under passive adsorption and ultrafiltration conditions. Solute resistance of protein deposits for membranes of varying roughness, structure, and permeability can vary dramatically with operating conditions. Using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller adsorption isotherm (BET), study of the internal area and accessibility of several uttrafiltration membranes to protein deposition allows better understanding of the fouling mechanisms and interpretation of adsorbed protein quantities. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 316-320 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were conducted to establish optimal conditions for the acid hydrolysis of sweet potato for maximal ethanol yield. The starch contents of two sweet potato cultivars (Georgia Red and TG-4), based on fresh weight, were 21.1 ± 0.6% and 27.5 ± 1.6%, respectively. The results of acid hydrolysis experiments showed the following: (1) both hydrolysis rate and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) concentration were a function of HCL concentration, temperature, and time; (2) the reducing sugars were rapidly formed with elevated concentrations of HCl and temperature, but also destroyed quickly; and (3) HMF concentration increased significantly with the concentration of HCl, temperature, and hydrolysis time.Maximum reducing sugar value of 84.2 DE and 0.056% HMF (based on wet weight) was achieved after heating 8% SPS for 15 min in 1N HCl at 110°C. Degraded 8% SPS (1N HCl, 97°C for 20 min or 110°C for 10 min) was utilized as substrate for ethanol fermentation and 3.8% ethanol (v/v) was produced from 1400 mL fermented wort. This is equal to 41.6 g ethanol (200 proof) from 400 g of fresh sweet potato tuber (Georgia Red) or an ethanol yield potential of 431 gal of 200-proof ethanol/acre (from 500 bushel tubers/acre).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 138-141 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 26 (1995), S. 263-268 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Qn the viscosity of glass melts and porous sintered glassesSuspensions of solid phase particles in molten glasses modify their flow behavior and therefore their viscosity. This work deals with the dependence of the effective viscosity (ηeff) of isotropic suspensions on the concentration of the solid phase particles. Independently of the shape of the inclusions the values of the effective viscosities lie between upper [ηeff = ηL (1 - CD)-14 ]and lower bounds [ηeff = ηL (1 - CD)-3], where ηL is the viscosity of the molten glass and CD is the volume fraction of solid inclusions. The lower bound is also valid for the effective viscosity of suspensions containing spherical inclusions.Pores present in a glass matrix affect its flow behavior and consequently its creep and sintering behavior. The effective viscosity of porous glasses (ηP) as a function of the volume fraction of pores, or porosity (P), also varies between and upper [ηP = ηM (1 - P)1.04] and a lower bound [ηP = ηM (1 - P)14], where ηM is the viscosity of the nonporous glass matrix. For spherical porosity the equation is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm \eta_P = \eta_M(1 - P)^{1.5}}$$\end{document}Measured values for the viscosity of different suspensions as reported in the literature as well as own experimental data on two glass-solid systems are compared with the theoretical values predicted by these equations. In a similar way literature data for the viscosity of porous sintered glasses are compared with the respective equations. In all cases a fair agreement between experiment and theory was found in some cases the agreement was excellent. Therefore the presented equations constitute a reliable approach for the prediction of the viscosity of suspensions and porous sintered glasses and since they do not contain fitting parameters, they are of substantial practical relevance (for a comprehensive english treatment of the matter compare Glastechnische Berichte, Proc. Otto-Schott-Colloquium 1994).
    Notes: Suspensionnen von Festphasenteilchen in Glasschmelzen verändern deren Fließverhalten und damit deren Viskosität. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Abhängigkeit der effektiven Viskosität (ηeff) isotroper Suspensionnen von der Konzentration der Festphansenteilchen. Unabhängig von deren Form liegen die effektiven Viskositäten zwischen oberen und unteren Grenzwerten, deren Konzentrationsabhängigkeit durch Näherungslösungen gegeben ist: obere Grenzwertgleichung: ηeff = ηL (1 - CD)-14untere Grenzwertgleichung: ηeff = ηL (1 - CD)-3(ηL = Viskosität der Schmelze; CD = Volumenanteil der Festphasenteilchen). Für die effektive Viskosität von Suspensionen mit sphärischen Festphasenteilchen gilt die untere Grenzwertgleichung.Poren in Sintergläsern verändern ebenfalls deren Fließ- und damit Sinter-, Umform- und Kriechverhalten. Die effektive Viskosität poröser Gläser (ηP) als Konzentrationsfunktion ist gegeben durch die Näherungslösungen: obere Grenzwertgleichung: ηP = ηM (1 - P)1.04untere Grenzwertgleichung: ηP = ηM (1 - P)14(ηM = Viskosität des porenfreien Glases; P = Porosität).IM Falle sphärischer Porosität gilt die Viskositätsgleichung \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm \eta_P = \eta_M(1 - P)^{1,5}}$$\end{document}Gemessene Werte der Viskosität diverser Suspensionen sowie von Na2O-SiO2-Schmelzen mit dispergierten festen SiO2-Teilchen und Na2O-GeO2-Schmelzen mit dispergierten GeO2-Teilchen werden ebenso mit berechneten Werten verglichen wie die experimentellen Werte der Viskosität von porösen Sintergläsern mit den entsprechenden theoretischen. In allen Fällen wurde hinreichende, vielfach beste Übereinstimmung festgestellt. Die Gleichungen liefern praxisrelevante, verläßliche Aussagen sowohl für Suspensionen wie für poröse Sintergläser.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 5 (1982), S. 571-571 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary, Glass, Nylon, Teflon, Fused silica ; Static coating ; Sealing, In-place solidification ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 928-932 
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 10 (1987), S. 522-523 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Volatile fatty acids ; tert-Butyldimethylsilyl esters ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 17 (1971), S. 575-584 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the atomizing characteristics of convergent-type pneumatic nozzles. Drop-size correlations were obtained for the following ranges: drop size, 6 to 350 μ, mass median diameter; mass flow ratio, 0.06 to 40; relative velocity, 250 ft./sec. to sonic velocity; and viscosity. 1 to 50 cp. The technique employed was to spray cool a molten wax, and melts of wax-polyethylene mixtures. The most important operating variables in pneumatic atomization are the dynamic force of the atomizing gas, and the mass flow ratio of air to liquid. The cumulative volume drop-size distribution of spray from a pneumatic nozzle was fitted by a modified logistic equation. Empirical correlations developed in the study can be used to design nozzles or to predict drop size for sprays produced by the types of nozzles studied. In particular, this study provides new experimental data on the performance of pneumatic atomizers in producing relatively large drops.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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