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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vascular dementia in Spatz-Lindenberg's disease (SLD): cortical synaptophysin immunoreactivity as compared with dementia of Alzheimer type and non-demented controls (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 86 (1993), S. 259-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Thromboangiitis obliterans ; Dementia ; Cortical synaptophysin expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The generalized form of von Winiwarter-Buerger's disease (WBD) occasionally involves the brain. However, pure cerebral forms of the disease were also described by Spatz and Lindenberg (“Spatz-Lindenberg's disease”, SLD). Both, the type I, which involves the large basal arteries, and the type II, which results in a sickle-shaped granular atrophy of the cerebral cortex, are often accompanied by (“vascular”) dementia, which Lindenberg and Spatz mainly attributed to the bilateral involvement of the second frontal gyrus by granular atrophy. Recently, synaptic deprivation of the cortical gray matter has been shown to occur in the dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) and other neurodegenerative disorders. In DAT, the synaptic loss highly correlated with the degree of the mental impairment. We wanted to examine whether similar changes also occurred in dementia of vascular origin, for which SLD, although infrequent, is a typical example. In fact, we found that in three cases of typical SLD type II the synaptophysin immunoreactivity of the cortical neuropil in areas without overt infarcts or scar formation was as much reduced as in Alzheimer's disease. Although it must be taken into account that in the present cases the synapse loss might, at least in part, be due to secondary (Wallerian) degeneration as a result of the neuronal loss in the “watershed” regions of the arterial blood supply, it cannot be excluded that a decline of cortical synaptic contacts in areas without necroses or scars may occur as a primary event, contributing to the pathogenesis of the dementia. Final conclusions can only be expected from investigations into further cases of cerebro-vascular disorders with and without dementia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304140
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type and Pick's atrophy: Lumping or splitting? (1995)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 245 (1995), S. 299-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Frontal lobe degeneration ; Dementia ; Non-Alzheimer type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report six cases of presenile (five) and senile (one) progressive dementia with a mild-to-marked frontal or frontotemporal atrophy and ventricular dilation (Frontal Lobe Degeneration [FLD]). The most prominent microscopic features were layer-dependet neuronal depletion of the cortex, spongiosis, and cortical and subcortical gliosis. Five cases showed additional degeneration of the S. nigra, and two also had motor neuron disease. Despite the absence of Pick cells and bodies, such cases have many features in common with Pick atrophy. Because Pick cells and bodies are inconstantly occurring features in other-wise typical cases of Pick atrophy, they cannot be regarded as inevitable markers of the latter. In our opinion, cases with mild frontal or frontotemporal atrophy as described herein and by others match the grades 1 and 2 in terms of Schneider's classification of Pick atrophy [37]. As long as the etiology of both Pick atrophy and the socalled FLD is unknown, and we finally have to follow morphological criteria for classification, there is apparently no convincing reason to introduce a separate category, such as FLD or FTA, for the cases with moderate or mild frontal atrophy and dementia of frontal lobe type, which can be sufficiently classified with the Pick spectrum of lobar atrophy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02191871
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beiträge zur forensischen Osteologie (1970)
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 67 (1970), S. 170-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Identifikationsmerkmale ; Osteologie ; Processus mastoideus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 105 Individuen, 61 männlichen und 44 weiblichen, wird die Behauptung eines Geschlechtsdimorphismus hinsichtlich der Höhe und Größe der Processus mastoidei statistisch nachgeprüft. Für die mediale und laterale Fortsatzhöhe lassen sich keine signifikanten Mittelwertsdifferenzen aufzeigen. Zudem ist die Varianz der Kollektive so groß, daß der Proc. mastoid. als Identifikationsmerkmal ausscheidet. Die gefundene Mittelwertsdifferenz der Größe der Fortsätze, hier durch die äußere Fläche ausgedrückt, läßt sich statistisch eindeutig sichern. Dies entspräche der Vorstellung einer Kausalbeziehung zwischen Ausbildung und Insertion der seitlichen Halsmuskulatur einerseits und Größe bzw. Volumen der Fortsätze andererseits.
    Notes: Summary The supposition regarding sex-linked differences in height and surface area of the mastoid process was tested in 105 human skulls, 61 of which were male and 44 were female. There was no statistically significant difference noted in the mean values of the lateral and medial measurements of the processes from both sexes. Some significance, however, was noted in the measurement of the surface area. This may be associated with the insertion of stronger lateral neck-musculature, as is isually the case in males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00200356
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beiträge zur forensischen Osteologie (1970)
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 67 (1970), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Osteologie ; Identifikation ; Pneumatisation Warzenfortsatz ; Altersbestimmung ; Geschlechtsbestimmung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Pneumatisation von 91 Warzenfortsätzen erwachsener Menschen wird mittels Röntgendensitometrie in bezug auf Alters-, Geschlechts-, Seiten- und Volumen-abhängigkeit untersucht. Dabei läßt sich nur eine geringe Abhängigkeit (10%) vom Volumen des Proc. mastoid. feststellen. In der Literatur wird ein Zusammenwirken multipler Faktoren bei der Pneumatisation des Warzenfortsatzes angenommen, wobei die Größe des Muskelhöckers von funktionellen, hormonellen und hereditären Faktoren beeinflußt werden soll. Zum Teil wird auch die Meinung vertreten, daß sein mechanisch entlasteter Innenraum je nach der „Kraft der Schleimhaut“ entweder von dieser oder von spongiösem Knochen in der Art einer „Verdrängungsreaktion“ ausgefüllt wird. Als Merkmal zur Individualidentifikation ist die Pneumatisation des Mastoides aufgrund unterschiedlicher, individualspezifischer Ausformung der Cellulae durchaus geeignet; eine Alters- und Geschlechtsidentifikation unbekannter Einzelstücke ist jedoch nicht möglich.
    Notes: Summary X-ray densitometry of 91 adult mastoid processes and their relationships to sex and age as well as to the volume of the processes was carried out. No relationship to age or sex could be determined, however, a small correlation with the volume (10%) was ascertained. The pneumatization of the mastoid process supposedly depends on multiple factors, particularly functional, hormonal and hereditary. Some, however, believe that mucous membrane or spongious bone occupy the inner spaces of the process, depending on a mutual “displacement reaction”. The mastoid process is suitable for individual identification on the basis of the specific structure of its air spaces. Age and sex determination is impossible using unknown single specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00200357
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