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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etonitazene as a reinforcer: Oral intake of etonitazene by rhesus monkeys (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 59 (1978), S. 225-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rhesus monkeys ; Etonitazene HCl ; Etonitazene concentration ; Etonitazene reinforcement ; Fixed-ratio schedules ; Etonitazene drinking ; Oral self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Drinking of etonitazene HCl was studied in three rhesus monkeys during daily 3-h sessions. As the drug concentration was increased, the number of liquid deliveries decreased, and etonitazene intake (μg/kg body weight) increased. As fixed-ratio (FR) requirements were increased, rate of responding increased, and liquid deliveries slightly decreased. When water was substituted for the drug, there was a large increase in responding for several sessions, followed by a slow decline to low rates. When etonitazene was reintroduced, responding abruptly increased to previous drug levels. These data suggest that etonitazene can serve as a positive reinforcer when taken orally by rhesus monkeys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426626
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrent etonitazene and water intake in rats: Role of taste, olfaction, and auditory stimuli (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 64 (1979), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Etonitazene ; Etonitazene reinforcement ; Concurrent schedules ; Choice procedures ; Rats ; Taste ; Olfaction ; Auditory stimuli ; Discriminative stimuli ; Conditioned reinforcers ; Fixed-ratio schedules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Etonitazene and water were concurrently available to four rats during daily 1 h sessions in operant conditioning chambers equipped with two levers and two liquid dippers. A food-induced training procedure was used whereby etonitazene drinking was rapidly established by presenting rats with gradually increased drug concentrations with their daily food ration. When food was subsequently removed from the session and given post-session, etonitazene responding persisted. The rats were subsequently trained on fixed-ratio (FR) schedules with concurrent access to etonitazene and water. The number of dipper presentations compared with etonitazene concentrations (0.078–10.0 μg/ml) resulted in a typical inverted U-shaped function while etonitazene intake (μg/kg) increased directly with concentration. After drinking large quantities of etonitazene the rats showed ataxia, hyper-activity, and stereotypy. Extinction tests demonstrated that rats could discriminate between etonitazene and water on the basis of one dipper full of each liquid; the amount of etonitazene in one dipper was 0.0078 μg. Further tests showed that this discrimination was based on taste or immediate post-ingestional feedback rather than olfactory cues. An auditory stimulus was presented concurrently with responses on the drug lever; however, there was no difference in responding for the drug in the presence or absence of this stimulus except at the lowest concentration. After the extinction tests, when the lowest drug concentration was again available with concurrent water, responding was substantially higher in the presence of stimulus associated with availability of etonitazene. The results extend previous work on oral narcotic intake to a lever-press concurrent choice procedure which is sensitive to reinforcing effects of the drug at low concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427336
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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