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  • glandular trichomes  (5)
  • Ostrinia nubilalis  (4)
  • Heliothis zea  (3)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Schlagwort(e): Heliothis zea ; Cytochrome P-450 ; Induced tolerance ; Allelochemicals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Incubation of Heliothis zea (Boddie) eggs on foliage of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull (accession PI 134417) results in neonates with elevated levels of tolerance to the toxic effects of PI 134417 foliage attributable to 2-tridecanone found in the glandular trichomes which abound on that foliage. The neonates from such eggs are also shown to have elevated levels of tolerance to the carbamate insecticide carbaryl. Incubation of eggs in an atmosphere containing 2-tridecanone similarly produced elevated levels of tolerance to 2-tridecanone among resulting neonates, indicating that 2-tridecanone is the likely inducing agent and that exposure to 2-tridecanone vapor, which is known to emanate from PI 134417 foliage, is sufficient for induction. Analysis of the cytochrome P-450 content in gut microsomes of fifth instar larvae indicated that exposure of larvae to 2-tridecanone in artificial diet or to PI 134417 foliage resulted in significantly elevated levels of cytochrome P-450 relative to larvae fed diet without 2-tridecanone or foliage of L. esculentum which contains no 2-tridecanone. In addition, removal of the glandular trichomes from PI 134417 foliage eliminated the ability of that foliage to induce elevated levels of cytochrome P-450. These results provide circumstantial evidence that cytochrome P-450 may be involved in the induced tolerance to xenobiotics among neonates from eggs exposed to 2-tridecanone or PI 134417 foliage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): insecta ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; egg distribution ; maize
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The relationship between second generation European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) egg mass numbers and subsequent field corn damage, as measured by stalk cavity numbers, was studied in 79 fields in northeastern North Carolina over three years. A mean of 0.028 egg masses per plant (645 egg masses/23400 plants) was found over the course of the study. Significant differences in oviposition rate were detected between fields and years. Ca. 85% of egg masses were deposited in a five leaf zone surrounding the primary ear; of these, 89% were found on the lower four leaves in this zone. Egg masses appeared to be distributed randomly within fields but at low rates of incidence, and oviposition was relatively uniform between sampling areas within individual fields. Under moderate to high oviposition pressure (mean number of egg masses per plant over the duration of the oviposition period 〉ca. 0.02), eggs laid during the early phases of the oviposition period account for more subsequent stalk damage than eggs laid during the later phases of the oviposition period. Variations in second generation egg mass numbers accounted for ca. 70% of variation in stalk cavity numbers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Heliothis zea ; glandular trichomes ; leaf lamellar-based resistance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La tomate sauvage,L. hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, n0 PI134417, présente des lamelles foliaires qui lui confèrent une résistance au doryphore,L. decemlineata Say et àH. zea Bodie. Cette étude a voulu préciser si ces résistances étaient héritées ensemble dans des populations d'hybrides entre PI 134417 et la tomate cultivée,L. esculentum Mill. Des lignées de plantes présentant une gamme de résistance àH. zea ont été sélectionnées à partir d'une population hyrbide. De même, des lignées de plantes ayant une gamme de résistance àL. decemlineata ont été sélectionnées à partir d'un second groupe d'hybrides. Les réactions des 2 insectes aux 2 groupes de plantes ont été estimées. Les résistances àH. zea et àL. decemlineata n'étaient pas corrélées nettement. Certaines lignées sont résistantes aux 2 espèces, mais d'autres ne sont résistantes qu'à une espèce. Ainsi, les résistances à chacune de ces espèces ont probablement des déterminismes génétiques différents. Différentes composantes mécaniques sont vraisemblablement impliquées dans ces résistances, bien qu'il soit possible qu'au moins quelques facteurs aient un rôle important dans le conditionnement de la résistance. La création de cultivars de tomates avec une résistance liée aux lamelles foliaires sera compliquée par le besoin d'une sélection en fonction des réponses aux 2 espèces..
    Notizen: Abstract Segregating populations of hybrids of the insect-resistant wild tomato,Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum, C.H. Mull, PI 134417, and the susceptible tomato cultivar ofL. esculentum Mill, ‘Walter’, were screened by bioassays with the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and tomato fruitwormHeliothis zea (Boddie). Plant lines with a range of levels of resistance toH. zea were selected from one group of hybrids; plants with a range of resistance levels toL. decemlineata, from another group. The response of both insect species to both groups of plants was evaluated. Resistance to each of these species is under separate genetic control and apparently involves distinct mechanistic components, although it remains possible that at least some factors are important in conditioning resistance to both species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 287-296 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; water ; drought ; stress ; development ; models ; phytotron ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des plants de maïs se développent dans un phytotron dans 4 conditions d'humidité du sol (de la saturation à la dessication) et à 3 températures constantes (20°, 25° & 30°C). Chaque pied est contaminé au moment de l'émission du pollen, par une ooplaque d'O. nubilalis Hübn. (ECB) de race européenne E. L'installation, la colonisation et le développement des chenilles sont notés lors de 12 périodes de prélèvements destructifs (4 par température). La vitesse de développement d'O. nubilalis est affectée par la température, main non par l'humidité du sol. Les 4 niveaux d'humidité du sol n'ont aucun effet sur la teneur en eau des tiges de maïs. En fait, les feuilles de maïs présentent une senescence précoce lorsqu'il y a déficit en eau dans le sol. La teneur en eau du sol agit sur l'installation, sur la distribution verticale, la dispersion et le lieu d'alimentation des chenilles; mais ces effets sont légers et ne modifient pas la vitesse de développement. L'environnement larvaire dans la tige de maïs est efficacement isolé des variations externes par l'aptitude de la plante à maintenir la teneur en eau des tiges relativement élevée et stable. Ainsi, des changements importants au niveau du sol n'ont pratiquement pas d'effets sur le développement d'O. nubilalis, malgré les conséquences brutales pour la plante. Cette étude montre que la vitesse de développement d'O. nubilalis est relativement insensible aux modifications de la teneur en eau du sol ainsi qu'aux effets de ce stress de sécheresse sévère sur le pied de maïs. La discussion porte sur l'importance de ces résultats pour la modélisation de la dynamique de l'insecte, la physiologie de la culture et les interactions entre insecte et plante.
    Notizen: Abstract Maize plants were grown under four moisture regimes (wet to extreme deficit) and three constant temperatures (20°, 25° & 30°C) in a phytotron. Each plant was infested with one E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubn.)] (ECB) egg mass at pollen shed. ECB development, location, and establishment were recorded over the course of 12 destructive sample dates (4/temperature). ECB developmental rates were not significantly affected by soil moisture treatments, but were significantly affected by temperature. In spite of successful establishment of four distinctly different soil moisture regimes, the maize stalk tissue water levels were not significantly different among soil water treatments. Instead, the maize plants exhibited accelerated leaf senescence in response to the water deficit conditions. Among the soil water treatments, differences were found in larval establishment, vertical distribution and dispersion, and feeding site selection; however, those effects were slight and could not explain the similarity in ECB developmental rates observed in these treatments. In maize, the larval environment within the stalk was effectively insulated from changes in the external environment by the plant's ability to maintain a relatively high and stable stalk tissue water content. Thus, large changes to the soil environment had essentially no effect on ECB development, though drastic consequences for the plant. This study indicates that ECB rates of development are relatively insensitive to changes in the soil water environment as well as the associated changes in the maize plant that accompany severe drought stress. The significance of these findings to insect modelling, crop physiology, and insect-crop interactions is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; water ; drought ; stress ; development ; models ; microenvironment ; irrigation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This study examined the impact of irrigation water on certain aspects of an insect-plant relationship in the field including the assessment of plant-mediated water effects on an herbivore's development, survival, and behavior, and plant damage parameters and host tissue water status. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design in the field over two years in North Carolina (NC). Four blocks were subjected to three different irrigation treatments initiated ca. one week before anthesis: optimal, intermediate, deficit water supply. Each plant was infested with one (1986) or two (1987) black head stage, E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.)] (ECB) egg masses at tasselling. ECB development, tunnelling site, and survival as well as plant tissue water status (tissue % water contents [θ] & leaf water potentials [Ψ]) were recorded through July. The irrigation effect on ECB parameters was slight and variable. Internal stalk temperatures of optimal plants were consistently cooler than their deficit counterparts (1 day-degree/day). With degree-days included as an explanatory variable in the analyses, there were no significant irrigation effects on the ECB parameters, except for total proportion of ECB's bored into maize plant parts. More ECB's bored into drier plants than in optimal plants; however, this trend was not significant in 1987. Plant water indices showed that though Ψ responded to irrigation, there were only minor changes in tissue θ, particularly in view of the larger diurnal tissue changes observed and the relatively high, sustained stalk θ levels seen over all treatments. Examination of ECB pupal θ confirmed that dietary water changes were minor or non-limiting to the insects' developmental physiology, because pupal θ was not sensitive to the irrigation treatments. Though water supply changes have drastic developmental and agronomic consequences for the maize plant, little or no changes were seen in the ECB feeding environment. Furthermore, a plant damage model was developed whereby the total % of ECB's tunnelled into maize was related to the mean larval age. The implications of this model on the understanding of ECB tunnelling behavior, damage potential, and pest management is noted.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lycopersicon hirsutumf glabratum ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Telenomus sphingis ; Manduca sexta ; glandular trichomes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The resistance of accession PI 134417 of the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull to Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Spingidae) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is conditioned by the high densities of 2-tridecanone-containing, glandular trichomes associated with the foliage. In laboratory experiments, rates of parasitism of M. sexta eggs by Telenomus sphingis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) were lower among eggs on PI 134417 foliage than among eggs on foliage of the cultivated tomato L. esculentum Mill. (cv. Better Boy). The latter is characterized by a significantly lower density of type VI glandular trichomes than PI 134417 and an absence of 2-tridecanone. Parasitism by T. sphingis was also reduced among eggs on foliage of the F1 hybrid between PI 134417 and L. esculentum. The hybrid foliage lacks 2-tridecanone but has a density of type VI glandular trichomes that is intermediate between those of PI 134417 and L. esculentum, indicating that elevated densities of type VI glandular trichomes adversely affect T. sphingis. This conclusion was further substantiated by the finding that there were no differences among plant lines in the levels of parasitism of M. sexta eggs when the eggs were on foliage that had been divested of glandular trichomes. In bioassays in which T. sphingis adults or immatures in host eggs were exposed to filter paper treated with 2-tridecanone at rates comparable to those associated with PI 134417 foliage, 2-tridecanone was acutely toxic and caused high levels of mortality. In addition, at high concentrations, 2-tridecanone vapors were repellent to T. sphingis adults. However, when exposed to PI 134417 foliage, few T. sphingis adults were killed. Parasitism of M. sexta eggs was unaffected when the eggs were deposited by moths reared as fifth instar larvae on diet containing 2-tridecanone and/or 2-undecanone at levels comparable to those associated with PI 134417 foliage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 293-296 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): intercrop effects ; European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; potato
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Field investigations conducted from 1982 to 1984 to assess intercrop effects on the distribution of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, in maize revealed that the incidence of damage by O. nubilalis was influenced significantly by the proximity of maize to potato. Maize fields adjacent to potato fields had a lower incidence of early season damage by O. nubilalis and a higher incidence of late-season damage than maize isolated from potato.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Campoletis sonorensis ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 2-tridecanone ; trichomes ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; tomato ; plant defense ; allelochemical
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Greenhouse-grown plants of five tomato lines varying in their level of 2-tridecanone-mediated resistance toManduca sexta (L.) andLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) were found to adversely affect larvae ofCampoletis sonorensis (Cameron), a larval endoparasitoid ofHeliothis zea (Boddie), in a manner directly related to their level of resistance. The parasitoid larvae, which emerge as fifth instars from their host and construct a cocoon on the foliage of their hosts' host plant, suffered extensive mortality during cocoon spinning on highly resistant foliage. Mortality was greatest (82%) on the highly resistant plants ofLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum (accession PI 134417) and an F1 backcross [(L. esculentum × PI 134417) × PI 134417] selection. Mortality was intermediate (40 and 28%, respectively) on backcross selections with moderate and low levels of resistance and least (8%) on susceptibleL. esculentum. Removal of the glandular trichomes, which contain 2-tridecanone in their tips, from the foliage eliminated differences in parasitoid mortality among plant lines. Bioassays of 2-tridecanone indicated that it is acutely toxic to fifth instarC. sonorensis larvae at the quantities associated with highly resistant foliage and produces symptoms identical to those observed on resistant foliage. 2-Undecanone, a second methyl ketone present in the glandular trichomes of resistant foliage, was also toxic toC. sonorensis larvae, but significantly less so than 2-tridecanone. The results support the hypothesis that 2-tridecanone is responsible for the observed mortality ofC. sonorensis larvae during cocoon construction on resistant foliage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum ; tomato ; glandular trichomes ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; plant-insect interaction ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The glandular trichome/methyl ketone-mediated insect resistance of the wild tomato,Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull, accession PI 134417, toManduca sexta (L.) andLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was shown to affect adverselyTrichogramma pretiosum Riley. AdultT. pretiosum were killed by direct contact with PI 134417 foliage and by exposure to its volatiles. This effect was greatly reduced or eliminated by removing the exudate of the glandular trichomes from the foliage. 2-Tridecanone, a principal consituent of the foliar glandular trichomes of PI 134417, was toxic to adultT. pretiosum at concentrations similar to those associated with PI 134417 foliage. Incubation of parasitizedHelicoverpa (=Heliothis) zea (Boddie) eggs on PI 134417 foliage or 2-tridecanone-treated filter paper significantly reduced the proportion of eggs producing adult parasitoids. Similarly, incubation of parasitizedH. zea eggs on filter paper treated with 2-undecanone, another constituent of the glandular trichomes of PI 134417, caused an increase in the percentage of host eggs containing dead parasitoid pupae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; glandular trichomes ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Telenomus sphingis ; Scelionidae ; plant-insect interaction ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone ; parasitism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of methyl ketone (2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone)/glandular trichome-based resistance to insects ofLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, PI 134417, on the behavioral responses ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley andTelenomus sphingis (Ashmead) were observed in the laboratory. ForT. pretiosum, these effects included (1) longer time required by the wasps to cross a leaf disk (diam. 16.3 mm), (2) higher percentage of wasps initiating flight from disks before reaching the edge, and (3) entrapment of wasps in trichome exudates. In tomato genotypes with varying densities of type VI glandular trichomes (3.1–9.2/mm2) but with no methyl ketones in the trichome tips, no such adverse effects were observed. The time taken to cross a disk or initiate flight byT. sphingis, a larger wasp thanT. pretiosum, was not significantly affected on 16.3-mm leaf disks, although the percentage ofT. sphingis initiating flight was directly correlated with trichome density among lines with no ketones. When placed on whole leaflets of plant lines with or without methyl ketones,T. sphingis was entangled by trichome exudates. However, unlikeT. pretiosum, T. sphingis was eventually able to free itself from entanglement. Landing rates byT. sphingis on PI 134417 foliage contained in dialysis tubes were also reduced. Data indicate that suppression of egg parasitism byT. sphingis on resistant foliage is due to both repellent action of its foliar volatiles and reduced searching rates by the parasitoids. Results indicate that a significant portion of the reduction of egg parasitism byT. pretiosum andT. sphingis is attributable to the effects of 2-tridecanone and/or 2-undecanone present in the tips of type VI glandular trichomes on PI 134417 foliage, although the trichomes also adversely affect the wasps even in plant lines without ketones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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