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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Myocardial infarction ; Tetrazolium salts ; NAD ; Oxidoreductases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tetrazolium salts (NBT) stain normal myocardium whereas infarcts are not stained. We tried to elucidate the staining mechanism which discriminates normal from infarcted canine myocardium. The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded in dogs for between 4 and 32 h. The activities of four different tissue dehydrogenases were measured after 4, 8, 16, and 32 h of ischaemia. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD, NADH, NADPH) were determined in needle biopsies taken from the ischaemic region 1/2, 1, 11/2, 2 and 4 h after occlusion of the LAD. In another set of experiments the NBT stain was altered by the addition of NADH, NAD, NADPH, NADP, succinate, lactate and phenazine methosulfate respectively and the effect of the added substances on the previously nonstained infarcts was examined. We further compared histochemically determined infarct size to the ultrastructural extent of infarcts. Activities of the tissue dehydrogenases did not change after 4 h of ischaemia, although the NBT stain revealed a large infarction. At that time total NAD, the sum of NAD+NADH, had decreased from about 600 pmoles/mg tissue to about 200 pmoles/mg tissue and addition of the coenzymes or succinate could “repair” the biochemical lesion. After 24 h of ischaemia the activities of dehydrogenases and diaphorases were markedly decreased. Our data indicate that loss of the reduced coenzymes plays a key role in identifying myocardial infarction with tetrazolium salts. In older infarctions loss of coenzymes is joined by decreased activities of dehydrogenases and diaphorases. The principal mechanisms of staining is an enzymatic cycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 365 (1976), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal failure ; Micropuncture ; Diuretics ; Glomerular filtration rate ; Effective filtration pressure ; Renal blood flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The renal effects of furosemide in acute renal failure of the rat were studied using clearance and micropuncture techniques. Acute renal failure was induced by an intramuscular injection of 50% glycerol (10 ml/kg). Functional impairement of the glycerol treated animals consisted of a decrease in urinary sodium excretion, renal blood flow, total kidney GFR and effective filtration pressure of superficial nephrons. Effective filtration pressure was calculated from proximal free flow and stop flow pressure measurements. In contrast to control animals furosemide did not increase urine volume during acute renal failure due to a marked fall in GFR. Renal blood flow, as measured by an electromagnetic flowmeter, also decreased after furosemide in glycerol treated rats and increased in control animals. Furosemide reduced effective filtration pressure during acute renal failure to almost zero, whereas in control animals effective filtration pressure virtually remained constant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 301 (1977), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Renal function ; Renal blood flow ; Glomerular filtration rate ; Urine volume ; Urinary sodium excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of the competitive angiotensin II antagonist saralasin (1-sarcosine-8-alanine-5-isoleucine-angiotensin II) on renal function in healthy rats and in rats with myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure were studied. Acute renal failure was induced by an intramuscular injection of 50% glycerol (10 ml ·kg−1). Functional impairment of the glycerol treated animals consisted in a decrease of renal blood flow (electromagnetic flowmeter) and GFR and in an increase of urine volume and arterial blood pressure. In healthy rats saralasin (6 μg·kg−1·min−1 i.v.) had no renal effects by itself but antagonized the angiotensin II (200 ng·kg−1·min i.v.) induced fall of renal blood flow and GFR and the increase of arterial blood pressure. Given to glycerol treated animals saralasin did not induce any change of arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow, GFR or the urinary excretion of fluid and sodium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: NAD ; ultrastructure ; ischemic cell injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der biochemische Mechanismus, der dafür verantwortlich ist, daß reversibel geschädigte Zellen schließlich sterben, ist unbekannt. Wir untersuchten, ob der Verlust an Nicotinamidcoenzymen der entscheidende Grund für den Zelluntergang sein kann. Bei 6 Hunden wurde der Ramus interventricularis anterior für 4 h unterbunden. Transmurale Nadelbiopsien wurden nach 1/2 h, 1 h, 1 1/2 h, 2 h und 4 h Ischämie aus dem ischämischen Gebiet entnommen und in subepikardiale und subendokardiale Hälften unterteilt. Zu den angegebenen Zeiten wurden die Konzentrationen der Coenzyme NAD, NADH und NADPH in den Biopsien gemessen und der Schädigungsgrad des Gewebes durch elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung bestimmt. Die Glycohydrolaseaktivität (E.C. 3.2.2.5) wurde in Gehirn, Herz, Niere und Skelettmuskel von 4 Ratten ermittelt. Gesamt-NAD, die Summe von NAD und NADH, nahm signifikant nach einer Stunde im ischämischen Subendokard ab. Der Verlust and NADPH trat erst nach zwei Stunden ein. Wenn durch ultrastrukturelle Untersuchung irreversible Zellschädigung festgestellt wurde, hatte der Gesamtgehalt von NAD etwa 60–70% abgenommen. Die Glycohydrolaseaktivität war am höchsten im Gehirn, gefolgt von Herz, Niere und Skelettmuskel und entspricht der unterschiedlichen Ischämietoleranz dieser Organe. Wir nehmen an, daß der entscheidende Grund für die irreversible Zellschädigung die Gewebsazidose ist, die zu einer Aktivierung der Glycohydrolase führt, die ihrerseits die lebenswichtigen Coenzyme spaltet.
    Notes: Summary We investigated if the loss of nicotinamide coenzymes in ischemic-infarcted myocardium may be responsible for the transition from reversibly ischemic to irreversibly infarcted cell damage. The LAD was occluded in 6 dogs for 4 h. Transmural needle biopsies were taken from the ischemic-infarcted region after 1/2, 1, 1 1/2, 2, and 4 h of ischemia and further divided into subepicardial and subendocardial halves. At each time interval the concentration of the nicotinamide coenzymes NAD, NADH, and NADPH were measured, and the degree of cellular injury was evaluated by electron microscopy. The glycohydrolase activity (EC 3.2.2.5), the enzyme which splits NAD, was determined in brain, myocardium, kidney, and skeletal muscle of 4 rats. Total NAD, the sum of NAD and NADH, started to decrease significantly in the ischemic subendocarium 1 h after onset of ischemia. Degradation of NADPH occurred later. Loss ot total NAD was about 60–70% when electron microscopy diagnosed irreversible cell injury. The glycohydrolase activity was the highest in brain followed by myocardium, kidney, and skeletal muscle, reflecting the different tolerances of these tissues towards ischemia. The key mechanism for ischemic injury seems to be the tissue acidosis which activates the glycohydrolase leading to a loss of the vital coenzymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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