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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Myocardial infarction ; Tetrazolium salts ; NAD ; Oxidoreductases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tetrazolium salts (NBT) stain normal myocardium whereas infarcts are not stained. We tried to elucidate the staining mechanism which discriminates normal from infarcted canine myocardium. The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded in dogs for between 4 and 32 h. The activities of four different tissue dehydrogenases were measured after 4, 8, 16, and 32 h of ischaemia. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD, NADH, NADPH) were determined in needle biopsies taken from the ischaemic region 1/2, 1, 11/2, 2 and 4 h after occlusion of the LAD. In another set of experiments the NBT stain was altered by the addition of NADH, NAD, NADPH, NADP, succinate, lactate and phenazine methosulfate respectively and the effect of the added substances on the previously nonstained infarcts was examined. We further compared histochemically determined infarct size to the ultrastructural extent of infarcts. Activities of the tissue dehydrogenases did not change after 4 h of ischaemia, although the NBT stain revealed a large infarction. At that time total NAD, the sum of NAD+NADH, had decreased from about 600 pmoles/mg tissue to about 200 pmoles/mg tissue and addition of the coenzymes or succinate could “repair” the biochemical lesion. After 24 h of ischaemia the activities of dehydrogenases and diaphorases were markedly decreased. Our data indicate that loss of the reduced coenzymes plays a key role in identifying myocardial infarction with tetrazolium salts. In older infarctions loss of coenzymes is joined by decreased activities of dehydrogenases and diaphorases. The principal mechanisms of staining is an enzymatic cycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: NAD ; ultrastructure ; ischemic cell injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der biochemische Mechanismus, der dafür verantwortlich ist, daß reversibel geschädigte Zellen schließlich sterben, ist unbekannt. Wir untersuchten, ob der Verlust an Nicotinamidcoenzymen der entscheidende Grund für den Zelluntergang sein kann. Bei 6 Hunden wurde der Ramus interventricularis anterior für 4 h unterbunden. Transmurale Nadelbiopsien wurden nach 1/2 h, 1 h, 1 1/2 h, 2 h und 4 h Ischämie aus dem ischämischen Gebiet entnommen und in subepikardiale und subendokardiale Hälften unterteilt. Zu den angegebenen Zeiten wurden die Konzentrationen der Coenzyme NAD, NADH und NADPH in den Biopsien gemessen und der Schädigungsgrad des Gewebes durch elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung bestimmt. Die Glycohydrolaseaktivität (E.C. 3.2.2.5) wurde in Gehirn, Herz, Niere und Skelettmuskel von 4 Ratten ermittelt. Gesamt-NAD, die Summe von NAD und NADH, nahm signifikant nach einer Stunde im ischämischen Subendokard ab. Der Verlust and NADPH trat erst nach zwei Stunden ein. Wenn durch ultrastrukturelle Untersuchung irreversible Zellschädigung festgestellt wurde, hatte der Gesamtgehalt von NAD etwa 60–70% abgenommen. Die Glycohydrolaseaktivität war am höchsten im Gehirn, gefolgt von Herz, Niere und Skelettmuskel und entspricht der unterschiedlichen Ischämietoleranz dieser Organe. Wir nehmen an, daß der entscheidende Grund für die irreversible Zellschädigung die Gewebsazidose ist, die zu einer Aktivierung der Glycohydrolase führt, die ihrerseits die lebenswichtigen Coenzyme spaltet.
    Notes: Summary We investigated if the loss of nicotinamide coenzymes in ischemic-infarcted myocardium may be responsible for the transition from reversibly ischemic to irreversibly infarcted cell damage. The LAD was occluded in 6 dogs for 4 h. Transmural needle biopsies were taken from the ischemic-infarcted region after 1/2, 1, 1 1/2, 2, and 4 h of ischemia and further divided into subepicardial and subendocardial halves. At each time interval the concentration of the nicotinamide coenzymes NAD, NADH, and NADPH were measured, and the degree of cellular injury was evaluated by electron microscopy. The glycohydrolase activity (EC 3.2.2.5), the enzyme which splits NAD, was determined in brain, myocardium, kidney, and skeletal muscle of 4 rats. Total NAD, the sum of NAD and NADH, started to decrease significantly in the ischemic subendocarium 1 h after onset of ischemia. Degradation of NADPH occurred later. Loss ot total NAD was about 60–70% when electron microscopy diagnosed irreversible cell injury. The glycohydrolase activity was the highest in brain followed by myocardium, kidney, and skeletal muscle, reflecting the different tolerances of these tissues towards ischemia. The key mechanism for ischemic injury seems to be the tissue acidosis which activates the glycohydrolase leading to a loss of the vital coenzymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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