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  • Organic Chemistry  (3)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Characterization of Dihydropteridine-Analogous Pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]thiazine Derivatives and their Cation Radicals by Electronic and ESR SpectraThe 1H-NMR (fig. 1), electronic (fig. 2), and ESR spectra (fig. 3) of pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]-thiazine derivatives 2 and of their radical cations 4 have been recorded. The existence of the 7H-tautomer is proved by comparison with corresponding known dihydropteridine derivatives 1. H/D exchange is found to occur only very slowly in the 7,8-dihydropteridin analog 2A, but rapidly in the corresponding cation radicals 4, generated by oxidation of 2 with dibenzoyl peroxide in CF3CO2R/benzene (R — H or D). Analysis of the hyperfine structure of 4, and comparison with ESR data for monohydropteridine cation radicals suggest that replacement of -N(R)- (position 8) by -S- does not essentially affect the steric and electronic properties of pteridine nuclei and may, therefore, lead to relevant antimetabolites.
    Notes: Es werden 1H-NMR-Spektren (Abb. 1), Elektronenspektren (Abb. 2) und ESR-Spektren (Abb. 3) der Pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]thiazinderivate 2 und ihrer Radikalkationen 4 aufgenommen. Durch Vergleich mit entsprechenden, bekannten Dihydropteridinderivaten 1 wird das Vorliegen der 7H-Tautomoron nachgewiesen. Ein H/D-Austausch erfolgt beim 7,8-Dihydropteridinanalogon 2A nur sehr langsam, dagegen wird bei den entsprechenden Radikalkationen 4 ein rascher Austausch gefunden. Die Darstellung von 4 gelingt durch Oxidation der Verbindungen 2 mit Dibenzoylperoxid in CF3CO2R/Benzol (R — H oder D). Die Analyse der ESR-Hyperfeinstruktur von 4 und der Vergleich mit den ESR-Daten von entsprechenden Monohydropteridinradikalkationen zeigt, daβ der Austausch von -N(R)- (Position 8) durch - S - die elektronischen und sterischen Eigenschaften des Pteridinsystems nicht wesentlich ändert, so daß eine Antimetabolitenaktivität dieser Substanzen zu erwarten ist.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies in the Flavin Series, XVIII1).  -  Reductive Alkylation of the Flavin Nucleus2); Structure and Reactivity of Dihydroflavinsa)Known and new methods for the reduction of the (iso)alloxazine nucleus have been studied with special regard to in situ alkylation of the dihydroflavin isomers formed. Structure and oxygen affinity of the isomeric dihydroflavins have been compared (Scheme 1). Surprisingly, the base catalyzed electrophilic alkylation of dihydroflavin occurs preferably in a frontier orbital controlled reaction at the bridge carbon 4a in competition with the non-basic and non-acidic NH-function 5, and not in a charge controlled mode in the pyrimidine subnucleus (Scheme 2). Moreover, with small alkyl residues a rapid double substitution at N(5) is observed leading to the formation of a novel mesoionic system.  -  This peculiar reactivity is explained by the antiaromaticity of the dihydroflavin system which leads to a folding of the molecule along the N(5),N(10)-axis. Stable C(4a)-and N(5)-monoalkyl-, 4a,5-and 5,5-dialkyl-as well as 5,5,O(2α)-trialkyldihydroflavins have been separated (Table 3) and characterized.  -  The UV-, IR-, and NMR-spectroscopic as well as acid-base properties of the alkyldihydroflavins are described (Fig. 1-4) and the products of their reoxidation have been analyzed with special regard to the migrational and leaving group properties of the alkyl residues in the various redox states of the nucleus (Table 2). Depending upon the kind and size of N(5)-alkyl substituents it is possible to isolate 5-alkylflavosemiquinones, 5-alkylflavoquinonium salts and the corresponding 4a-pseudobases.  -  These properties are discussed with respect to flavin dependent biological substrate dehydrogenation and its intermediates, the nature of which remains hardly understood up to the present day.
    Notes: Bekannte und neue Methoden der Reduktion des (Iso)alloxazin-Gerüsts wurden getestet im Hinblick auf die Alkylierung in situ der jeweils gebildeten, meist stark autoxidablen Dihydroflavin-Isomeren. Struktur und Reaktivität der isomeren Dihydroflavine wurden verglichen (Schema 1). Überraschender Weise erfolgt die basenkatalysierte elektrophile Alkylierung der Dihydroflavine nicht zuerst ladungskontrolliert am Pyrimidinkern (Positionen 1-4, Schema 2), sondern Grenzorbital-kontrolliert am Brückenkohlenstoff 4a und an der nicht basischen und nicht aziden NH-Funktion 5. Mit kleinen Alkylresten tritt sogar schnelle Doppelsubstitution an N(5) unter Ausbildung cines neuartigen mesoionischen Systems ein.  -  Diese Reaktivität erklärt sich aus der durch Antiaromatizität bedingten Winkelung des 1,5-Dihydroflavin-Systems. Stabile C(4a)- und N(5)-Monoalkyl-, 4a,5- und 5,5-Dialkyl- sowie 5,5,O(2α)-Trialkyl-dihydroflavine wurden getrennt (Tab. 3) und charakterisiert.  -  Die UV-, IR- und NMR-spektroskopischen sowie die Säure-Basen-Eigenschaften der Alkyldihydroflavine werden beschrieben (Abb. 1-4); die Produkte ihrer Reoxidation wurden analysiert, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Wanderungs- und Abgangsfähigkeit der eingeführten Alkylreste in den verschiedenen Redoxzuständen (Tab. 2). Je nach Art und Größe der 5-ständigen Alkyl-substituenten können 5-Alkylflavosemichinone, 5-Alkylflavochinonium-Salze und deren 4a- Pseudobasen gefaßt werden.  -  Die gefundenen Eigenschaften werden diskutiert und interpretiert als Modelle von Zwischenprodukten der bislang mechanistisch so gut wie unverstandenen Flavin-abhängigen biologischen Substratdehydrierung.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pyramidal inversion of the N(5)-centre of several reduced flavins was measured by NMR. The inversion barrier was found to be ∼10 kcal/mol in acetone solutions and to be independent of the size of the N(5) substituent. An increase of the inversion barrier of ∼5 kcal/mol was observed in the case where the N(5) substituent could only be in axial position, and an increase of ∼3.5 kcal/mol was observed for an acyl-like N(5) substituent. In aqueous solution the inversion barrier increases by ∼3 kcal/mol. The stereochemistry of reduced flavin and its potential relevance in flavin-dependent biological dehydrogenations is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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