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  • Electronic Resource  (9)
  • Chemical Engineering  (6)
  • Osteoporosis  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of adverse health outcomes associated with vertebral fractures (1991)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 1 (1991), S. 134-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Pain and disability ; Psychosocial problems ; Risk analysis ; Statistical methods ; Vertebral fractures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about the frequency or degree to which vertebral fractures cause pain and physical disability. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the advantages of risk analysis over other statistical techniques (e.g., correlation analysis) for quantifying relationships between vertebral fractures and outcomes such as pain and disability. Subjects who volunteered to participate in studies of osteoporosis were asked about pain and disability. The number and degree of vertebral deformities were assessed from radiographs. Strong associations were observed between the most severe vertebral deformities and the risk of high pain or disability scores, while weaker associations were observed for moderate deformities. There did not appear to be any association between vertebral deformity and risk of moderate levels of pain or disability. Because of the potential for bias in cross-sectional studies such as this, the magnitude of these findings must be considered tentative. We conclude that risk analysis is an appropriate method for quantifying the relationship of vertebral fractures with pain and disability, but that prospective studies are now needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01625442
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation of height and weight to the regional variations in bone mass among Japanese-American men and women (1995)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 5 (1995), S. 234-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Anthropometry ; Bone mass ; Height ; Osteoporosis ; Weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the magnitude of regional variations in bone mass among elderly, Japanese-American men and women. All subjects had bone measurements at the calcaneus, and at the distal and proximal radius sites. A subset of the women had, in addition, spine bone mass measurements. To provide a common measurement scale, the bone measurements were converted to age- and sex-specificZ-scores. TheZ-scores between pairs of bone sites were then subtracted to yield the differences in bone mass between bone sites (expressed inZ-score units). For most individuals the differences were less than 1.0Z-score; however, 12%–20% of the differences were at least 1Z-score apart. The most similar sites were the distal and proximal radius: different regions within the same bone. Among the other bone pairs, the calcaneus and spine were the most similar to one another. The magnitudes of the differences in bone mass were associated with height and weight. Heavier subjects, for instance, had greater calcaneus than radius bone mass measurements, and greater spine than radius measurements. The spine and calcaneus are more weight-bearing than the radius sites. Associations were observed up to 0.25Z-score per 10 kg difference in weight. Height was associated with bone mass differences in an opposite direction to weight. Taller subjects had greater bone mass at the radius sites than expected from their calcaneus or spine bone measurements (0.1 to 0.2Z-score difference per 5 cm difference in height). Bone width partly explained the associations with height; that is, adjusting the radius widths reduced the associations with height. Overall, our results indicate that small to moderate differences between bone sites were common among our study population, and that the magnitudes of the differences were associated with height and weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01774012
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    When should bone density measurements be repeated? (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Bone density ; Longitudinal studies ; Statistical models ; Decision models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We calculated how long to wait before repeating bone mineral density (BMD) measurements to reassess fracture risk. Correlation results from serial measurements of 495 postmenopausal Japanese-American women were used to estimate 95% confidence intervals (CI) for future BMD. After 7 years of follow-up, BMD correlations with the initial measurement ranged between 0.81 and 0.94, depending on age group and measurement site. In this analysis, the period between measurements was defined as the time required for the lower 95% CI to fall below the BMD value corresponding to doubling of fracture risk. Progressive bone loss causes fracture risk to double after 10 years, on average. However, the 95% CIs indicate that a second BMD measurement will detect risk doubling after only 2 or 3 years for some women. For untreated, early postmenopausal women, the period between measurements was approximately 2–5 years for the radius and 4–6 years for the calcaneus, depending on the initial BMD level. The period was approximately 1 year longer for women age 60 and older. Treatments that halve the bone loss rate would increase the period by 1–3 years. In the absence of a second measurement of BMD, the CI will continue to expand with time, corresponding to a wider range in risk between individuals, and a greater proportion of women will be at increased fracture risk. Obtaining a second BMD measurement pinpoints the patient's status within the precision of the measurement. We conclude that repeated BMD measurements will provide a more accurate estimate of fracture risk than a single, baseline measurement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310399
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gross error detection when variance-covariance matrices are unknown (1993)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 39 (1993), S. 1335-1341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations introduced here identify measurement biases and process leaks, when gross errors exist in measured process variables and the variance-covariance matrix of the measurements, Σ, is unknown. Σ is estimated by the sample variance, S, using process data.For an unknown Σ, the global test statistic is the well-known Hotelling T2 statistic. Its power function has a noncentral F-distribution. For component tests used for specific identification of measurement biases and nodal leaks, two tests are presented with Σ unknown. The first test is independent of the number of component tests, k, and is given by a statistic with an F-distribution. The second test depends on k and has a student t-distribution. The power functions for both component tests are provided. Process examples and a Monte Carlo simulation study presented demonstrate the use and performance of these statistical equations in identifying biases and process leaks.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690390810
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unbiased estimation of gross errors in process measurements (1992)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 38 (1992), S. 563-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new approach to gross error detection provides unbiased estimates and 100(1-α)% simultaneous confidence intervals of process variables when biased process measurements and process leaks exist. Presented in this article are estimation equations for process variables, as well as equations that help identify biased measurements and process leaks. These equations include the power function for a global test, and two types of α-level component tests and their power functions. Important strengths and weaknesses of this approach are compared to those of the serial compensation strategy, in particular, by varying the significance level (α), the variance-covariance matrix (Σ), the size of measurement bias (δ), the number of biased variables, and the sample size (N). Accuracy of δ estimation and performance in detecting the presence of process leaks (γ) are also evaluated and compared. The proposed approach has unique features that can provide a basis for improving the reconciliation of variables in process operations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690380410
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractionating condensation and evaporation in plate-fin devices (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1116-1124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model that describes fractionation with condensation and evaporation in a plate-fin device has been formulated. It is capable of evaluating profiles of composition, temperature, and flow rate for both liquid and vapor streams in an extended surface device. The device may be adiabatic or nonadiabatic and the surface may be incompletely wetted. Compared to experimental measurements, the model predictions showed ± 1 number of transfer unit deviation along the length of the device. The predictions of the top and bottom flow rate ratio showed a 5-10% deviation for adiabatic and condensation runs and a 25% deviation for evaporation runs.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320708
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid-liquid-vapor phase behavior of the methane-carbon dioxide system (1962)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 537-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The phase behavior of the methane-carbon dioxide system has been determined experimentally along the solid-liquid-vapor locus. Pressure-temperature measurements were made along this locus from the triple point of carbon dioxide to -284°F. Compositions of the vapor phase along the solid-liquid-vapor locus were determined with sampling techniques over a composition range of 0.1 to 12% carbon dioxide. Liquid-phase compositions were obtained from crystal-point determinations on eleven methane-carbon dioxide mixtures ranging from 0.16 to 20% carbon dioxide.With the pressure-temperature for the solid-liquid-vapor locus as the termination locus of the dew and bubble data of Donnelly and Katz (2), consistent liquid- and vapor-phase compositions were obtained over the remaining concentration range.Changes in the pressure-temperature relationship of the solid-liquid-vapor locus caused by using a methane stock containing 0.56 mole % nitrogen are also reported.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690080423
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractionation with condensation and evaporation in wetted-wall columnsThis paper is not to be reproduced or published in any form without the written permission of the authors. J. F. Davis is now with the Department of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 30 (1984), S. 328-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is presented to describe the behavior of falling film fractionators with evaporation or condensation. Experimental measurements of vapor composition, vapor temperature and wall temperature profiles were made. Close agreement suggests that the model is applicable to both adiabatic and nonadiabatic conditions.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690300223
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The heterogeneous phase behavior of the helium-nitrogen system (1964)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 937-943 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690100631
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