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  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: mechanical alloying ; PEFC ; PEM fuel cell ; process control agent ; Pt–Ru alloy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Ball-milling has been used to prepare performing CO tolerant polymer electrolyte fuel cell anode catalysts that contain Pt and Ru. The catalyst precursors are obtained by milling together Pt, Ru and a dispersing agent in the atomic ratio 0.5, 0.5 and 4.0. This precursor is not easily recovered after milling because it sticks to the walls of the vial and on the grinding balls. However, the precursor is recovered as a powder when a process control agent (PCA) is added during the milling step. Various PCAs have been used. The PCA should not interfere with the electrocatalytic activity of the catalysts obtained by leaching the precursor. The best preparation of catalyst precursors are obtained by milling: (i) Pt, Ru and Al (dispersing agent) in the atomic ratio 0.5, 0.5, 4.0 + 10 wt% NaF (PCA) or (ii) Pt , Ru and MgH2 in the 0.5, 0.5, 4.0 atomic or molecular ratio. In this case, MgH2 plays at the same time the role of a dispersing agent and that of a PCA. The catalysts are obtained by leaching Al and NaF in (i) or MgH2 in (ii). The CO tolerance of these catalysts is equivalent to that of Pt0.5Ru0.5 Black from Johnson Matthey. The ball-milled catalysts have a surface area comprised between 30 and 44 m2 g−1. As-prepared catalysts are mainly made of metallic Pt and metallic plus oxidized Ru. After fuel cell tests, Pt is completely metallic while the oxidized Ru content decreases but does not disappear. These catalysts are composed of particles with crystallites of two different sizes: in (i) nanocrystallites (∼4 nm) that contain essentially Pt alloyed with Al and perhaps some Ru, and larger (≥∼30 nm) crystallites that contain essentially Ru; in (ii) Pt nanocrystalline particles that may contain some Ru and larger particles that contain essentially either Ru or Pt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: anode ; nanocrystalline ; PEFC ; PEM fuel cell ; Pt–Ru alloy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract High energy ball milling, an industrially amenable technique, has been used to produce CO tolerant unsupported Pt–Ru based catalysts for the oxidation of hydrogen in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Nanocrystalline Pt0.5–Ru0.5 alloys are easily obtained by ball-milling but their performances as anode catalysts are poor because nanocrystals composing the material aggregate during milling into larger particles. The result is a low specific area material. Improved specific areas were obtained by milling together Pt, Ru and a metal leacheable after the milling step. The best results were obtained by milling Pt, Ru, and Al in a 1:1:8 atomic ratio. After leaching Al, this catalyst (Pt0.5–Ru0.5 (Al4)) displays a specific area of 38 m2g−1. Pt0.5–Ru0.5 (Al4) is a composite catalyst. It consists of two components: (i) small crystallites (∼4 nm) of a Pt–Al solid solution (1–3 Al wt%) of low Ru content, and (ii) larger Ru crystallites. It shows hydrogen oxidation performance and CO tolerance equivalent to those of Pt0.5–Ru0.5 Black from Johnson Matthey, the commercial catalyst which was found to be the most CO tolerant one in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 3191-3195 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Optimized syntheses of 1,3,6,9-tetraoxacycloundecane (2), 1,3,6,9,12-pentaoxacylotetradecane (3), and 1,3,6,9,12,14,17,20-octaoxacyclodocosane (4) as well as some physical and chemical properties and the proof of structure are reported.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 1639-1641 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: No. Abstract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 571-574 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements effect of elastic waves in steel- and rock rods using the magneto-elasticStress waves in steel and iron ore rods produced by a mechanical impact can be measured by a sensor using the magneto-elastic effect. A detection of the changing magnetic flux is made. The function describing the propagation of longitudinal waves in rods is known as the stress wave equation. The agreement with theory is verified by examinations of steel rods using strain gauges. Afterwards the signals of three iron ores (magnetite, hematite, siderite) are recorded. Induced voltage is measured by the magneto-elastic sensor in the case of magnetite and hematite, however it is not possible to detect any signal for siderite. This means that the change of magnetic flux depends on the kind of bulk magnetic appearance, not on content of iron.Using the magneto-elastic sensor the magneto-elastic effect offers the possibility to detect tree of contact mechanical waves produced by a mechanical impact in ferro- or ferrimagnetic solids.
    Notes: An Stahl- und Eisenerzstäben werden die durch einen Stoß ausgelösten elastischen Dehnwellen mit Hilfe eines Sensors gemessen, der den magnetoelastischen Effekt ausnutzt. Detektiert wird dabei die Änderung des magnetischern Flusses. Die theoretische Beschreibung der Ausbreitung elastischer Längswellen in Stäben erfolgt mit Hilfe der eindimensionalen Dehnwellengleichung. Die Übereinstimmung mit der Theorie wird exemplarisch durch Untersuchungen an Stahlstäben mittels Dehnungsmeßstreifen verifiziert. Danach werden die Signale von drei Eisenerzstäben (Magnetit, Hämatit, Siderit) aufgenommen. Bei den Gesteinen Magnetit und Hämatit lassen sich mit dem magnetoelastischen Aufnehmer Induktionsspannungen messen, während beim Siderit keine Signale aufgezeichnet werden konnten. Das bedeutet, daß für die Änderung des magnetischen Flusses nicht der Eisengehalt, sondern die Art der äußeren magnetischen Erscheinungsform der Proben entscheidend ist.Der magnetoelastische Effekt bietet somit die Möglichkeit die durch eine Stoßbelastung in ferro- bzw. ferrimagnetischen Materialien ausgelösten mechanischen Wellen berührungslos mit Hilfe eines magnetoelastischen Sensors zu erfassen.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 450-450 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 422-422 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 69 (1957), S. 153-171 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über Synthese, Eigenschaften und Reaktionen einiger makromolekularer Stoffe mit reaktiven Gruppen berichtet, und zwar über Derivate der Polyacrylsäure (Polyacrylsäure-hydrazid, Polyacrylhydroxamsäure, Polyacrylsäureamid), des Polyvinylalkohols, über Polyacrolein und Polymethacrolein, Polyvinylsulfonsäure und ihre Derivate sowie über Copolymere aus Styrol und Maleinsäureanhydrid. An den reaktiven Gruppen dieser polymeren Stoffe werden chemische Reaktionen ausgeführt. Dabei zeigt sich, daß unter Bedingungen, die dem makromolekularen Bau des Reaktionspartners angepaßt sind, eine Reihe von Reaktionen, die aus der niedermolekularen Chemie gut bekannt sind, auf solche Polymere übertragen werden können. Dadurch werden neue makromolekulare Stoffe zugänglich, die durch Polymerisation oder Polykondensation nicht zu erhalten sind.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 280-280 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 32 (1992), S. 1523-1529 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The principle of chemical amplification has proven to be successful for the design of highly sensitive, high resolution resist material. In many cases a strong Broensted acid, generated by photolysis of onium salt precursors, has been used to catalytically cleave an acid labile blocking moiety. A new approach to negative tone resist is based on acid catalyzed cleavage of acetal blocked aromatic aldehydes, which act as “latent electrophiles” and, under the influence of strong acid, react with the surrounding phenolic resin. If the acetal is polyfunctional or incorporated in a phenolic polymer chain, an increase in molecular weight, due to crosslinking, is observed. The resist is highly sensitive and allows the resolution of 0.5 μm features without swelling.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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