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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Histamine release ; Diagnosis ; Volunteers ; Patients ; Medical decision making ; Histaminfreisetzung ; Diagnose ; Probanden ; Patienten ; Medizinische Entscheidungsfindung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In 2 klinischen Studien bei 40 wachen Freiwilligen und 164 orthopädischen Patienten wurde versucht, Histaminfreisetzungsreaktionen zu diagnostizieren, zu definieren und zu klassifizieren. Haemaccel in einer heute klinisch nicht mehr verwendeten Zubereitung [40] wurde als klinischer Histaminfreisetzer verwendet. Das Hauptinteresse galt nicht der extremen, der klassischen anaphylaktischen Reaktion, sondern einer durchschnittlichen Histaminfreisetzung, die in klinischen Untersuchungen der letzten 10 Jahre mit so vielen Arzneimitteln gefunden wurde. Bei den Freiwilligen wurden 600 ng/kg Histamin intravenös verabreicht. Indikatoren für eine systemische anaphylaktoide Reaktion mit der höchsten Inzidenzrate waren Tachykardie, Plasmahistaminspiegel über 1 ng/ml, metallischer Geschmack, Flush, Kopfdruck, feuchte Augen oder Tränen, Hypertension und Kopfschmerzen. Nach Haemaccel-Infusion zeigte keiner der Probanden eine lebensbedrohliche Reaktion, aber 12 eine systemische und 11 eine Hautreaktion, während bei 17 keine Symptome gefunden werden konnten. Indikatoren mit der höchsten Inzidenzrate waren wiederum Plasmahistaminspiegel über 1 ng/ml, Tachykardie, Quaddeln, Hitzegefühl, Enge im Hals, Hypertension, Kopfschmerzen und Tränen. In einer prolektiven Cohortstudie wurden aus 600 orthopädischen Patienten 164 ausgewählt: 3 hatten eine lebensbedrohliche Reaktion, 27 eine systemische und 96 eine Hautreaktion, 38 Patienten zeigten keine Symptome. Indikatoren mit der höchsten Inzidenzrate waren wiederum Tachykardie, Plasmahistaminspiegel über 1 ng/ml, Erytheme und Quaddeln, Husten, Flush, verstopfte Nase und Gesichtsödem. Damit wurden durch die Patientenstudie die Indikatoren für eine systemische Histaminfreisetzungsreaktion in Probanden zu einem großen Teil validiert. So läßt sich eine durchschnittliche Histaminfreisetzungsreaktion als eine systemische anaphylaktoide Reaktion charakterisieren, mit klinischen Symptomen wie Tachykardie und leichte Hypertension, verstreuten Effloreszenzen, respiratorischen Symptomen im Bereich des Kehlkopfs und der Nasenschleimhautund durch pathologische Plasmahistaminspiegel (〉1 ng/ml). Außerdem wurden die Histaminfreisetzungsreaktionen in kutane, systemische und lebensbedrohliche Reaktionen eingeteilt, wobei klinische und operationale Kriterien sowie Plasmahistaminspiegel für die Klassifikation verwendet wurden.
    Notes: Summary In 2 clinical studies in 40 conscious human volunteers and 164 orthopedic patients histamine-release responses were diagnosed, defined and classified. Polygeline (Haemaccel) in its now outdated formulation [40] was chosen as a clinical histamine releaser. The main interest was not concentrated on the extreme, the “classical” anaphylactic response, but on theaverage histamine-release response found in clinical experiments with so many drugs in the last 10 years. In human volunteers 600 ng/kg histamine was i. v. injected. Indicants for a systemic anaphylactoid reaction with the highest incidence ratio were tachycardia, plasma histamine levels 〉1 ng/ml, “metallic taste”, flush, congestion of head, “wet eyes” and tears, hypertension and headache. Following polygeline none of these subjects developed a life-threatening reaction, but 12 showed a systemic response, 11 a cutaneous reaction and 17 were non-responders. Indicants for a systemic anaphylactoid reaction with the highest incidence ratio were plasma histamine levels 〉1 ng/ml, tachycardia, wheals, sensation of heat, narrowness of throat, hypertension, headache and wet eyes or tears. In a prolective, cohort study in the orthopedic patients 3 subjects with life-threatening reactions, 27 with systemic response, 96 with cutaneous reaction and 38 non-responders were included. Indicants with the highest incidence ratio were tachycardia, plasma histamine levels 〉1 ng/ml, erythema and wheals, cough, flush, stuffy nose and facial oedema. With this trial the indicants for diagnosing a systemic histamine release response in volunteers were validated in patients to a large extent. Thus the average histamine-release response was defined by clinical signs such as tachycardia and mild hypertension, scattered hives such as spots of erythema and wheals, respiratory symptoms in the laryngeal and nasal region, such as cough, narrowness in the throat, stuffy nose and sneezingand by pathological plasma histamine levels (〉1 ng/ml). In addition histamine-release responses were differentiated as cutaneous responses, systemic responses and life-threatening responses by clinical and operational criteria and by plasma histamine levels. Using clinical trials and medical decision making procedures the incidence of systemic histamine-release responses in patients higher by two orders of magnitude than in other studies reported hitherto.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 7 (1993), S. 482-488 
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Pain ; Postoperative ; Local anesthetic ; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to investigate whether local anesthesia of abdominal wall wounds prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy leads to decreased pain beyond the immediate postoperative period and thus improves the comfort of the patient. In a randomized, double-blind study 50 patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were divided into two groups. In one group (n=25) the skin, subcutis, fascia, muscle, and preperitoneal space were infiltrated with 8 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% 5 min before each abdominal wall incision. The control group (n=25) received normal saline. The intensity of pain was assessed by a 100-point visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest and during movement and by the consumption of analgesics. Analgesic therapy was provided by on-demand analgesia with piritramid intravenously for 24 h and continued by ibuprofen orally on request. The mean intensity of pain at rest and during movement was lower but not statistically significant in patients who received bupivacaine compared to the control group up to the second postoperative day. The difference was between 4 and 9 VAS points and therefore of doubtful clinical relevance. Similar statistically nonsignificant results were found for the mean consumption of piritramid up to 16 h after the operation. Three patients (12%) in the bupivacaine group localized the most severe pain up to the second postoperative day to the right lower abdominal wall wound where the gallbladder had been extracted compared to 11 patients (44%) of the control group (P=0.012). These results indicate that bupivacaine was effective at the site where it was administered. However, preincisional local anesthesia of the abdominal wall wounds in laparoscopic cholecystectomy does not lead to a significant clinical benefit for the patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 8 (1994), S. 90-96 
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Pain ; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy ; Predictors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is postulated that laparoscopic cholecystectomy as “patient-friendly surgery” leads to more comfort and in particular to less pain. A prospective study on pain was performed on all patients undergoing the operation over the period of 1 year (n=382) out of a series of more than 1,000 patients who have undergone the operation in our clinic. Pain was measured by a 100-point visual analogue scale (VAS), by a five-point verbal rating scale, and by the consumption of analgesics. Pain was the most frequent symptom, both before and after the operation. The mean level of pain was 37 VAS points 5 h after the operation and declined to 16 points on the third day. In 106 patients (27.8%) the intensity of pain was higher than 50 VAS points. Analgesics were used by 282 patients (73.8%), opioids by 112 (29.3%). Pain was significantly higher in female than male patients (P〈0.05), but consumption of analgesics was similar in both groups. The most severe pain was localized to the abdominal wall wounds by 157 (41.1%) and to the right upper abdomen by 138 patients (36.1%) on the first postoperative day. Patients who needed opioids and/or had a pain level of 〉50 VAS points (n=138) had higher preoperative pain levels (P=0.018) and preoperatively complained more frequently about nausea, vomiting, bloating, and a feeling of abdominal pressure (P=0.003–0.031). However, predictive values of these variables were too small to be of clinical benefit. The duration of operation, intraoperative events (loss of bile, blood, or gallstones), and additional laparoscopic procedures (adhesiolysis, lavage, extension of an incision, suture of fascia) did not influence the intensity of postoperative pain. We conclude that laparoscopic cholecystectomy did cause significant postoperative pain in one-third of our patients only up to the first postoperative day. As predictors for high intensity of pain were not identified, pain should be monitored and analgesics should be delivered liberally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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