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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1175-1189 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Studies have been made of the γ-induced emulsion polymerization of styrene and comparisons made with chemically initiated emulsion polymerization. The polymerization proceeded smoothly to high conversions at 0 and 60°C, the reaction showing a high G (monomer) value. Complete conversions were obtained with total doses of less than 0.05 Mrad. In accordance with the behavior expected of systems having a constant rate of initiation, the molecular weight was found to decrease with decreasing temperature. The molecular weight and particle size distributions were narrower than those obtained in chemically initiated emulsion polymerizations at the same temperature. The radiation-induced emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate proceeded smoothly at temperatures in the range 0-50°C to give polymers of much higher molecular weight than these obtained from chemically initiated polymerizations at the same temperature. Complete conversion was attained after a dose of 0.02 Mrad for latices approaching 50% solids. The elimination of ionic endgroups in the poly(vinyl acetate) radicals tends to drive the polymerization from the aqueous phase, resulting in faster rates and higher molecular weights than are obtained from chemically initiated systems. Rates of polymerization were found to be independent of temperature and the molecular weight of the polymer to be independent of dose rate. Latices of poly(vinyl acetate) of high solids content were evaluated for latex and film properties and found to have improvements over commercially available samples in both areas, especially in clarity of film and scrub resistance. A number of acrylate and maleate esters were copolymerized with vinyl acetate in a radiation-initiated emulsion system. High molecular weight copolymers were produced after low dose.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 10 (1995), S. 271-275 
    ISSN: 0884-3996
    Schlagwort(e): firefly luciferase ; zebrafish transformation ; image analysis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The firefly luciferase gene attached to the cytomegalovirus promoter was transferred into zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) by microinjection of fertilized eggs. Light emission could be monitored in vivo in eggs and throughout the early development of the fish by low-light video-image analysis. Gene expression was transient in most of the cases lasting for about 2 weeks. This gene cassette proved to be a very convenient and nondestructive transformation marker and the firefly luciferase gene appears to be a powerful tool for real-time imaging of tissue-specific gene expression in transgenic fish.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2025-2032 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The gas permeability of O2 and CO2 was sutidied for various polymer blend membranes of polystyrene (PSt) and poly[1,1,1-tris(trimethylsiloxy)methacrylate propylsilane (PTMPS). In order to improve the compatibility of these polymer blends, the effect of addition of the graft copolymer was also investigated. The gas permeability of various composition polymer-blend membranes increases rapidly with an increasing content of PTMPS in the polymer blend. In the polymer blend membranes containing the graft copolymer, the gas permeability decreases with an increase in the graft copolymer content and then reaches a nearly constant value, when the PTMPS content remains constant. This result is attributed to a decrease in interstices at phase boundaries, owing to improvement in compatibility of the component polymers. This method of membrane preparation is very useful for making membranes with required properties.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 17 (1979), S. 1701-1709 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene with ethyl acrylate onto preirradiated polyethylene powder was carried out at 20°C. The grafting yield decreased in the following order: ethyl acrylate ≫ styrene 〉 styrene-ethyl acrylate mixture. On the other hand, the amount of absorption of liquid monomers in polyethylene powder decreased as follows: styrene 〉 styrene-ethyl acrylate mixture 〉 ethyl acrylate. By kinetic analysis of the grafting yield and amount of absorption of monomers it was elucidated that the value Kp/Kt in an ethyl acrylate system (7.7 × 10-2) was much larger than those in styrene-ethyl acrylate systems and in a styrene system (ca. 1.0 × 10-2).
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 95 (1966), S. 106-116 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die in heterogenen Systemen durch γ-Bestrahlung gestarteten Pfropfungsreaktionen zeigen oft ähnliche Zeitabhängigkeiten. Nach anfänglicher Selbstbeschleunigung erreicht die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit ein Maximum, um dann zu einem tieferen, konstanten Wert abzusinken. Eine derartige Umsatzkurve wurde bei der Pfropfung von Styrol auf Wolle gefunden. Eine befriedigende Begründung für diese spezifische Zeitabhängigkeit der Pfropfungsreaktion wurde bisher trotz zahlreicher kinetischer Behandlungen nicht gegeben. Die in vorliegender Arbeit gebrachte kinetische Behandlung gründet auf der Annahme, daß während der Pfropfungsreaktion die Menge an freien Radikalen stetig zunimmt, wodurch im gequollenen Mutterpolymeren eine Verarmung an Monomerem eintritt, die schließlich zu einer diffusionsbestimmten Pfropfungsgeschwindigkeit führt. Ein solcher Mechanismus ergibt eine Zeitkurve mit einem Maximum der Pfropfungsgeschwindigkeit, wie auch experimentell gefunden wurde. Für die beiden extremen Bereiche der Pfropfungsreaktion wurden beim System Wolle-Styrol die nötigen kinetischen Parameter abgeschätzt und durch Iteration verbessert. Eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen experimentellen und berechneten Pfropfungsgeschwindigkeiten wurde erhalten.
    Notizen: The grafting-time curves of heterogeneous mutual radiation grafting systems are often of the same type. There is a small auto-accelerative period after which the rate rises to a maximum and then levels off to a steady, lower rate. The grafting of styrene to wool fibers is shown to give this type of conversion curve. The reasons for this particular rate-time behavior have not been successfully explained although a number of kinetic treatments have been presented. A kinetic treatment is presented in this paper which postulates that the radical content continues to build up during the grafting process, leading to the gradual depletion of monomer in the substrate polymer and a final diffusion-controlled rate of grafting. This situation leads to the maximum rate type of grafting-time curve actually found. The necessary kinetic parameters have been estimated for the two extreme portions of the grafting curve in the case of the wool-styrene system and further approximated by trial and error. Good agreement between the calculated and experimental rates of grafting was obtained.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 17 (1979), S. 1401-1409 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The graft polymerization of styrene onto preirradiated poly(ethylene oxide) was studied. From the measurement of swelling of the polymer in various solvents the solubility parameter of poly(ethylene oxide) was estimated as 9.3. The kinetic analysis of the reaction indicated that the graft polymerization was diffusion controlled. Kinetic parameters of the reaction such as \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\int_0^t {R_i} dt,k_{p,} k_{tr}$\end{document}, and kt were obtained in poly(ethylene oxide)-styrene system and compared with those in poly(isobutylene oxide)-styrene system.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: General Papers 3 (1965), S. 3763-3779 
    ISSN: 0449-2951
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A number of vinyl monomers have been grafted to wool by using the mutual radiation technique. Styrene has been studied in considerable detail in dioxane solution; water or methanol was found to be necessary for successful grafting. It is believed that these function as swelling agents, enabling the monomer to diffuse to the active centers created in the wool by the radiation. The rate of grafting always went through a maximum and then leveled off to a slower rate. This is believed to be due to the slow build-up of the radical population, leading eventually to a diffusion-controlled rate of grafting. Considerable post-polymerization grafting was found to take place. Acrylonitrile and a number of allyl monomers were also successfully grafted to wool by the mutual radiation method in dimethylformamide solution. Again water or methanol was found to be necessary; the grafting rate leveled off close to zero at a degree of grafting depending on the amount of swelling agent present.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 10 (1972), S. 259-273 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: By means of bromine labeling and ESR, the grafting reactions of styrene onto preirradiated polyethylene have been investigated. Not all the radicals produced by irradiations participate in grafting reactions all together, but they are rendered active bit by bit by the swelling of crystalline parts of polyethylene. The growing rates for polystyryl graft chains at 20°C decrease from 4 monomer units/active site/sec to one-fourth the initial value after 100 min. On the contrary, the average lifetimes increase from 〈103 sec to 〉2.6 × 103 sec. The number-average molecular weight of graft chains also increases with reaction times and rises to 3.5 × 105 after 90 min at 20°C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 4 (1966), S. 2597-2606 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Free radicals formed by γ-irradiation of oriented samples of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were studied at 25°C. by ESR spectroscopy. The G value for trapped free radicals is 0.02. The predominant radical is identified as $\text{O} - \text{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{C} H} - \text{CH}_\text{2} - \text{O} -$, and a minor component of the spectrum is tentatively assigned to the radical —CO—Ċ6H3—CO—. The absence of cyclohexadienyl type radicals is discussed. Previously reported dose rate effects in PET are explained by reference to a chain reaction involving β-bond scission of the radical $\text{O} - \text{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{C} H} - \text{CH}_\text{2} - \text{O} -$.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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