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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development and effects of nitrogen deficiency in field-grown kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 129 (1990), S. 173-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chloride ; kiwifruit ; leaf nitrogen concentration ; nitrate ; plant density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development and effects of nitrogen (N) deficiency in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’) vines planted at three densities (25.0, 12.5 and 8.33 m2 vine−1) were examined in a long term (1982 to 1989) field experiment in which N was applied at rates from 0 to 200 kg N ha−1 year−1. The rate of applied N significantly affected leaf N concentrations every year from 1985 onwards, and the average leaf N concentrations declined throughout the experiment. Fruit N concentrations varied significantly with the level of applied N as early as 1986. The average fruit N concentrations varied strongly between years, and were inversely proportional to the fruit number (per m2), indicating that, after fruit set, growth of individual fruit was relatively insensitive to the vine N status. Effects of N supply on fruit yields resulted mostly from changes in fruit number (per m2). For vines planted at the high density, fruit yields responded significantly to the level of applied N each season from 1986 onwards. In any year, maximum fruit yields for vines planted at the high density were associated with leaf N concentrations (20 weeks after bud burst) of at least 1.8 mmol g−1. For vines planted at low density, significant yield responses to the level of applied N were not recorded until 1988, and maximum yields in that year were associated with leaf N concentrations of at least 1.4 mmol g−1. The delayed expression of effects of N deficiency on fruit yields for vines planted at low density appeared to follow a shift in partitioning of resources in favour of fruit growth. This shift in partitioning did not appear to be sustainable, and by 1989 the fruit yield response to applied N continued to the highest N level tested. In that year, the leaf N concentration associated with maximum yield was 1.8 mmol g−1, the same as that recorded throughout the experiment for the vines planted at high density. In the last two seasons of the experiment, leaf necrosis developed extensively on vines receiving less than the highest rate of N. This necrosis appeared to be premature senescence resulting from N deficiency. Leaf chloride (Cl) concentrations increased significantly with increasing severity of N deficiency, but were never more than those associated with Cl toxicity. While N supply significantly affected fruit firmness immediately post-harvest, there were no significant effects on fruit firmness after 12–20 weeks storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032410
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of anions on the potassium status and productivity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Key words ; anions ; chloride ; flowers ; fruit yield ; kiwifruit ; potassium ; sulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of K fertiliser (160 kg ha-1) applied with Cl- or SO4 2- as the accompanying anion on the K nutrition of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa) were assessed in a field experiment, using vines with varying degrees of K deficiency. Leaf K concentrations in spring were significantly higher for vines receiving KCl, compared to those receiving K2SO4. This effect did not interact significantly with the degree of K deficiency, and persisted for about 6 weeks. Subsequently there was no significant difference between the leaf K concentrations for the vines receiving KCl or K2SO4. Applying K as KCl increased the leaf Cl concentration, especially in spring, while applying K as K2SO4 had no significant effect on the leaf S concentration at that time. These results implied a greater requirement for organic acid anions for K+ uptake from K2SO4 than from KCl, and the importance of organic acid anions for K+ uptake from different sources of K fertiliser is discussed. This transient effect of the accompanying anion on leaf K status was associated with large effects on flowering, and fruit yields were about 28% higher for plants receiving KCl rather than K2SO4. The effects on growth and tissue nutrient composition of varying the concentrations of Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2- and H2PO4 - around the roots of kiwifruit vines were examined in a solution culture experiment. For H2PO4 -, plant growth was very similar over a wide range of rates of addition. For the other anions, the range between deficiency and ‘toxicity’ was clearly delineated. For Cl- and NO3 -, toxicity was associated with high tissue concentrations of Cl and N, respectively, and was consistent with competition for uptake between Cl- and NO3 -. However, for SO4 2-, toxicity was associated with only a small increase in the tissue S concentration relative to that associated with maximum growth, and appeared to result more from effects on uptake of other anions and cations rather than from direct effects of high tissue S concentrations. It is concluded that the sensitivity of kiwifruit to the anion accompanying K+ in fertiliser may be related to the unusually high requirement for Cl previously reported for this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009193
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate of 15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer applied to kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: kiwifruit ; 15N ; plant uptake ; remobilisation ; temporal changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Temporal changes in the nitrogen (N) and 15N content of various components of six-year-old kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’) vines which had received 15N-labelled ammonium fertilizer were measured. The fertilizer was applied singularly at 100 or 200 kg N ha−1 in early spring (two weeks before bud burst) or split with 100 kg N ha−1 (unlabelled) in early spring and 100 kg N ha−1 (15N-labelled) ten weeks later. All treatments were applied to vines with a history of either 50 or 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1. The N concentration of leaf and fruit tissue was generally lower in the 100 kg N ha−1 treatment than in the 200 kg N ha−1 treatments and this effect was greater than that of N fertilizer history. During the first 8 weeks after bud burst there was a rapid accumulation of N in leaves (ca. 80 kg N ha−1). Analysis of xylem sap at 4 weeks after bud burst revealed that about 60% of the N utilised for new growth was from remobilisation of N stored within the vines and about 40% from soil and fertilizer N. This was unaffected by rate of N application. Plant uptake of added 15N was rapid and almost complete within 10 weeks of application in either early spring or early summer. Initially, most 15N was present in the leaf and root components but these subsequently declined due to translocation into other components of the vine. The decline in leaf 15N coincided with an equivalent accumulation of 15N in the fruit. The 15N enrichment of the ‘annual’ components (leaves, fruit and current-season's shoots) was about twice that of the structural components (one-year-old shoots, cordon, stem and structural roots) during the first year after application. By the third year the 15N concentration of the annual components had declined to similar levels to that of the structural components. These changes were used to estimate the annual throughput of N from soil in vines which received no N fertilizer in years 2 and 3 at 50% of total above-ground N and only 7% in roots. This was equivalent to about 120 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Where fertilizer N (200 kg ha−1) was applied in year 2 the annual throughput of N from soil and fertilizer was about 170 kg N ha−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009371
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate of 15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer applied to kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; field ; kiwifruit ; 15N ; nitrogen fertilizer ; recovery ; soil nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fate of 15N-labelled ammonium fertilizer applied once to six-year-old field-grown kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’) vines was measured over three years. The three main treatments were nitrogen (N) applied singularly at 100 or 200 kg N ha−1 in early spring (two weeks before bud burst) or split with 100 kg N ha−1 (unlabelled) in early spring and 100 kg N ha−1 (15N-labelled) ten weeks later. All N treatments were applied to vines with a history of either 50 or 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1. For three years after 15n application, components of the vines and soil (0–600 mm depth) were sampled at harvest in late autumn and the N and 15N contents determined. By the first harvest, all plant uptake of 15N had occurred and this represented 48–53% of the 15N applied. There was no significant effect of current N fertilizer treatment or of N history on 15N recovery by vines. Removal of 15N in harvested fruit was small at 5–6% in the first year and 8% over 3 years. After 2–3 years, most plant 15N occurred in the roots and this component declined only slowly over time. In contrast, there was a large temporal decline in 15N in above-ground plant components due to the annual ‘removal’ in leaf fall and pruning. An associated experiment showed that when 15N-labelled prunings and leaves were mulched and returned to the soil, only about 9% was recovered by plants within 2 years. Almost all remaining mulched material had been immobilised into the soil organic N. In all treatments, about 20% of the added 15N remained in soil at the first harvest. This was almost entirely in organic fractions (〈0.4% in inorganic N) and mostly in the surface 150-mm layer. The 15N content in soil changed little over time (from 20 to 17% between the first and third harvests respectively) and indicated that most of the N had been immobilised into stable humus forms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009370
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnesium deficiency of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 281-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinidia deliciosa ; foliar analysis ; kiwifruit ; magnesium deficiency ; mineral nutrition ; postharvest fruit storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Magnesium deficiency was associated with large yield reductions in a five-year-old commercial kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) orchard. The effect on yield resulted primarily from a reduction in fruit numbers, there being no difference in mean fruit weight between fruit harvested from affected and unaffected vines. Magnesium deficiency had no deleterious effect on postharvest storage characteristics of fruit stored at 0.5–1°C for 18 weeks; fruit from deficient vines were firmer but had slightly lower soluble solids than fruit from control vines. Although deficiency symptoms were first observed on the basal leaves of the non-fruiting shoots mid season, indications of the impending deficiency could be established very early in the season using foliar analysis. Magnesium concentrations in youngest fully expanded leaves (YFEL) on the affected vines were less than 2.0 g kg−1 DM four weeks after budbreak and remained below this value for the rest of the season; concentrations in YFEL on unaffected vines did not decrease below this value and gradually increased after fruitset to 4.5 g kg−1 DM at harvest. To avert potential production losses, it is suggested that soluble magnesium fertilizers (containing at least 200 kg ha−1 Mg) should be broadcast early in the season if foliar magnesium concentrations less than 2.0 gkg−1 DM are measured four–six weeks after budbreak.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372543
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of amorphous and crystallizable hydrocarbon polymers. III. Studies of the hydrogenation of polybutadieneSee this issue, pp. 1183-1210 for Parts I and II, and pp. 1223-1235 for Part IV. (1979)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 17 (1979), S. 1211-1222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Three methods for hydrogenating anionically prepared polybutadiene (containing about 8% vinyl double bonds) were investigated: homogeneous catalysis (alkylated transition metal salts), heterogeneous catalysis (nickel on kieselguhr; paladium on calcium carbonate), and stoichiometric reaction with in situ generated diimide. The products were characterized by intrinsic viscosity, gel permeation chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and melt viscosity. Only the heterogeneous catalysts were found to yield completely hydrogenated products without incorporation of foreign groups and without significant change in the large-scale molecular structure of the chain. The 195°C melt viscosity of linear polybutadiene hydrogenated with heterogeneous catalysts is virtually identical with that of linear polyethylene with the same intrinsic viscosity in trichlorobenzene at 135°C. The solid state properties of hydrogenated polybutadiene, containing about 20 ethyl branches/1000 main chain atoms, closely resemble those of commercial branched polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1979.180170706
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of amorphous and crystallizable hydrocarbon polymers. I. Melt rheology of fractions of linear polyethyleneParts II, III, and IV of this series appear on pp. 1197-1235 in this issue. (1979)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 17 (1979), S. 1183-1195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic moduli G′(ω) and G″(ω) for two groups of linear polyethylene fractions (reported Mw/Mn 〈 1.2) were measured in the melt state using the eccentric rotating disk method. Values of zero shear viscosity η0 were obtained and compared with published results on similar fractions. Molecular weight data were converted to a common basis through intrinsic viscosities in trichlorobenzene (TCB) at 135°C. With recent data on Mw (light scattering) vs. [η]TCB, for linear polyethylene, the relationship at 190°C, η0 = 3.40 × 10-14(Mw)3.60, was obtained. The flow activation energy Ea was 6.4 kcal (T = 140-195°C). The plateau modulus G0N at 190°C was determined from the area under the loss modulus peak in one high-molecular-weight sample. The value obtained, G0N = 1.58 × 107 dyn/cm2, corresponds to an apparent molecular weight between entanglements of 1850. The storage compliance J′(ω) becomes anomalously large at low frequencies. The recoverable compliance J0e could not be determined for any of the fractions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1979.180170704
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of amorphous and crystallizable hydrocarbon polymers. II. Rheology of linear and star-branched polybutadieneParts I, III, and IV of this series may be found on pp. 1183-1195 and pp. 1211-1235 in this issue. (1979)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 17 (1979), S. 1197-1210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Some results are reported on the linear viscoelastic properties of polybutadienes with narrow-molecular-weight distributions. The zero shear viscosity η0 varies as M3.4 in the linear samples, and viscosity enhancement is found in star-branched samples with long arms, in good agreement with results reported earlier by Kraus and Gruver. The temperature coefficient of viscosity appears to be slightly larger in stars when the arms become long. The steady state recoverable compliance J0e is 2.1 × 10 -7 cm2/dyn in linear samples of high molecular weight, but it increases to values as much as 10 times larger in the stars. The plateau modulus G0N, obtained from a composite curve for the linear samples, is 1.32 × 107 dyn/cm2. The terminal relaxation spectrum of the stars is too broad to allow an evaluation of plateau modulus.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1979.180170705
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel preparation of pure β-TiCl3 and its use in isoprene polymerization (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 7 (1969), S. 707-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Treatment of the reaction product of TiCl4, Al, AlCl3, and an aromatic compound with an ether and subsequently with TiCl4 yields very pure β-TiCl3. This material, when treated with small amounts of aluminum trialkyls, is a very active catalyst for the stereospecific polymerization of isoprene. If the above reaction is stopped after the ether addition, before the addition of TiCl4, the product so obtained is largely TiCl2. Reaction variables in the preparation of TiCl3 are described as is the effect of various organoaluminum compounds as cocatalysts for polymerization.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1969.150070223
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring polymer surface derivatization by RBS and ESCA (1984)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 22 (1984), S. 3367-3381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) has been used to detect and quantitate the thallium concentration resulting from the thallous ethoxide derivatization of phenol and carboxylic acid groups contained in the surface region of bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) sheet. Hydrolysis of the PC surface prior to derivatization leads to increased thallium levels, in which the chemical nature of the thallium is shown to be of the form R-O-Tl (R = alkyl or aromatic) by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). Similar trends in thallium concentrations were observed by both RBS and ESCA for PC surfaces that had been exposed for increasing lengths of time to accelerated weathering and outdoor Florida conditions. The detection limit for thallium in PC using RBS is ca. 5 × 1013 atoms/cm2. The diffusion of thallous ethoxide and transesterification of the aromatic carbonate linkage led to a thallium-containing layer 300-700 Å thick, which increased the experimental uncertainty when assaying residual uncapped polymer chains in unweathered material. During the course of the RBS analysis, the interaction of 2-MeV 4He+ with the PC substrate caused dramatic chemical and physical changes. Microscopy and profilometry indicate that a crater was formed having the same cross-sectional area as the incident ion beam with a depth (ca. 0.3-1.5 μ) that varied according to the beam energy and integrated charge. ESCA analysis provided evidence for the loss of the carbonate linkage and the appearance of carbonyl and ester groups. Infrared analysis of the crater bottom shows the appearance of O-H stretch, carbonyl functionality other than aromatic carbonate, and enhanced aromatic ring stretch vibrations. Crosslinking and subsequent densification of the polymer matrix are though to be responsible for the observed morphological changes. It is suggested that this beam-induced damage does not prohibit the use of RBS to measure high-Z elements on a PC matrix since quantitation of 1000-Å Au layers on silicon and PC gave identical results.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1984.170221152
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