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  • 1960-1964  (726)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (583)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (143)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermal treatment of polyacrylonitrile synthesized by means of ionic polymerization, radiation polymerization, or redox initiation yielded substances giving signals in the EPR spectrum and possessing semiconductor properties. From the temperature dependence of the electroconductivity the activation energy was determined, and from the data on the EPR spectra the number of unpaired electrons (1018-5 × 1019/g.) was calculated. The thermoelectromotive force was determined and the existence of a Hall effect established. Addition of copper, iron, and chromium ions to the initial polymer lowers the activation energy and increases the width of the EPR signal. On dehydrobromination of natural rubber bromides and dehydrochlorination of polyvinyl chloride, conjugated double bond polymers were obtained, and their electrical properties were determined. Semiconductor properties were found in condensation products of phthalic anhydride with hydroquinone and the activation energy of these compounds was determined.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal degradation of epoxy resins was studied in a static system over the temperature range 300-450°C. The reaction proceeds without an induction period, the initial rate being maximum. The rate W increases with temperature according to the law W = Ae-E/RT. The effective activation energy was 35 kcal./mole. The reaction products consist of gases, a resinous liquid, and a solid residue. The liquid has practically the same spectral characteristics in the infrared as the initial epoxy compound. In the infrared spectrum of the residue the bands characteristic of the epoxy group are absent. Water and formaldehyde were found among the liquid products. Methane and carbon monoxide were found in large amounts by means of a chromatographic method. In the thermal degradation of the unhardened epoxy resin the low molecular fraction volatilizes, and the high molecular fraction degrades liberating the radical which isomerizes and decomposes to CO and ĊH3. The methyl radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from the polymer and is converted to methane. The RO—ĊH2 radical formed on liberation of the epoxy group yields formaldehyde. Among the gaseous products formed in the thermal degradation of the epoxy resin hardened by polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) were found H2, CO, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H6, and C3H8. Ethane, ethylene, propylene, and propane are possibly produced by decomposition of the PEPA radical. The thermooxidative degradation of epoxy resins was investigated in a static system. The reaction was shown to be of the degenerate branching chain type. The dependence of the induction period on the oxygen pressure and on the temperature was determined.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 52 (1961), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of metal-containing polymers is of considerable theoretical and practical interest (organotin rubbers, etc.). We investigated the polymerization and copolymerization capacities of various allyl and vinyl derivatives of tin and lead, of tin, lead and mercury methacrylates and of a number of metal-containing styrenes. The allyl derivatives of tin and lead and the vinyl derivatives of tin do not polymerize under conditions of radical polymerization and have an inhibiting effect on polymerization of vinyl monomers (styrene, methyl methacrylate). The inhibiting effect increases with the number of allyl and vinyl groups in the organometal molecule, the allyl compounds of tin being more effective than the corresponding vinyl derivatives. The inhibiting action on the polymerization of vinyl monomers of the compounds decreases in the order: tetraallyltin 〉 tetravinyltin 〉 allyltrimethyltin 〉 diallyldiphenyltin 〉 allyltriphenyltin 〉 vinyltriphenyltin 〉 vinyltrimethyltin. Another relation is found in the case of organometallic compounds where the vinyl group is bound to the metal atom through a polar group or benzene ring. The acrylates and methacrylates of aryl and alkyl derivatives of tin, lead and mercury easily polymerize and copolymerize with vinyl monomers. New compounds also are the metal-containing styrenes. We synthesized for the first time, under the conditions of a Leebrick-Ramsden reaction, mercury- and lead-containing styrenes. We investigated for the first time the polymerization and copolymerization as well as some properties of the following metallated styrenes: p-phenylmercurostyrene, p-styrenetriphenyllead, p-styrenetriphenyltin. The compounds polymerize easily and copolymerize with vinyl monomers under conditions of radical reaction. A study of the reaction kinetics showed that the metallated styrenes polymerize at greater rates than unsubstituted styrene. The thermal stability of the metal-containing styrenes decreases in the order: Sn 〉 Pb 〉 Hg. In studies on the polymerization of p-vinylphenylmercury disproportionation was found to take place, leading to the formation of the symmetric divinyl derivative of diphenylmercury (I) and of diphenylmercury (II). Specially synthesized p-vinylphenyl phenylmercury (I) was found to polymerize easily with the formation of an insoluble three-dimensional polymer, not melting up to 250° and decomposing above this temperature with the liberation of metallic mercury. The polymer of (I) evidently has the structure The investigation shows that there is a considerable difference in the polymerization capacity of unsaturated organometal compounds and in the properties of the polymers and copolymers formed, depending upon the nature of the bond between the vinyl group and the metal atom.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Latices von Polyvinylacetat, die mit Gammastrahlen in Emulsion polymerisiert wurden, werden zur Initiierung der Polymerisation von Methacrylsäuremethylester benutzt. Unter geeigneten Bedingungen ist es möglich, reine Fraktionen von Pfropfcopolymeren zu isolieren. Die Struktur der Pfropfcopolymeren wird in ihrer Abhängigkeit von der Über-tragungskonstanten des Polymethacrylsäuremethylester-Radikals erörtert.In Systemen mit Styrol konnte praktisch keine Pfropfung des Polyvinylacetats erzielt werden, statt dessen entsteht als Hauptprodukt reines hochmolekulares Polystyrol.
    Notes: Latices of polyvinyl acetate polymerized under the influence of gamma-rays have been used to initiate the polymerisation of methyl methacrylate. Extensive grafting occurred. If the conditions of preparation were suitable, discrete fractions of graft copolymer could be isolated. The structure of these graft copolymers has been discussed from the point of view of available rate constants for chain transfer of polymethyl methacrylate radicals.In systems where styrene is used in the second stage, little or no grafting could be detected-the main product being pure polystyrene of high molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Kinetik und Mechanismus von durch Gamma-Strahlen angeregten Emulsionpolymerisationen wurden untersucht. Emulsionen von Styrol oder von Methylmethacrylat, die entweder durch direkte Bestrahlung oder durch Bestrahlung präparierter Polyvinylacetat-Latices polymerisiert wurden, richten sich nach einem SMITH-EWART-Mechanismus (Fall II). Emulsionen von Vinylacetat polymerisierten langsamer, als die SMITH-EWART-Theorie vorhersagt, und wurden in ihrer Geschwindigkeit wahrscheinlich durch Nebenreaktionen verlangsamt.
    Notes: The kinetics and mechanism of emulsion polymerisations initiated by gamma-irradiation were investigated. Styrene and methyl methacrylate emulsions polymerised either by direct irradiation or by polyvinyl acetate latices, prepared by irradiation, conformed to a SMITH-EWART Case II mechanism. Vinyl acetate emulsions polymerised more slowly than predicted by the SMITH-EWART theory and were probably retarded by side reactions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 1 (1963), S. 569-569 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 2 (1964), S. 925-931 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 274-283 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrolytic deposition of ferro-chromium alloys from complex chromium-III-sulphate solutionsOn the strength of knowledge concerning the properties of chromium-III- sulphate and iron-II-sulphate baths containing urea and ammonium sulphate, it has been possible to carry out closer studies of the deposition conditions of the ferro-chromium alloys. During the deposition of the alloy, both metals are subjected to considerable polarisation so that the iron separation, in particular, is made difficult. This is ascribed to the presence, on the cathode surface, of a diaphragm consisting of chromium hydroxide.Under the most favourable conditions encountered, the alloy contains some 18 to 20 per cent. chromium, the remainder being iron; it thus corresponds to the composition of a stainless steel. The current yield amounts to 30 per cent. at most, and the occurrence of cracks in the coating is attributed to the strong development of hydrogen. The cracks can be avoided by raising the temperature, reducing the current density to below 20 amps/dm2, or adding boric acid. By a suitable choice of working conditions and concentrations, the deposition potentials of the two metals can be made virtually equal.
    Notes: Auf Grund der Kenntnis der Eigenschaften der Harnstoff und Ammonsulfat enthaltenden Bäder aus Chrom-III-sulfat und Eisen-II-sulfat war es möglich, die Abscheidungsverhältnisse der Eisen-Chrom-Legierungen näher zu studieren. Bei der Abscheidung der Legierung findet eine beträchtliche Polarision bei beiden Metallen statt, wobei namentlich die Eisen-Abscheidung stark erschwert wird. Dies wird auf das Vorhandensein eines aus Chromhydroxyd bestehenden Diaphragmas auf der Kathodenoberfläche zurückgeführt.Die Legierung enthält bei den gefundenen günstigsten Bedingungen 18 bis 20% Chrom, Rest Eisen, entspricht also der Zusammensetzung eines rostfreien Stahls. Die Stromausbeute beträgt maximal 30%, wobei die starke Wasserstoffentwicklung für das Auftreten von Rissen im Überzug verantwortlich zu machen ist. Die Risse können durch Erhöhung der Temperatur, Verminderung der Stromdichte unter 20 A/dm2 oder einen Zusatz von Borsäure vermieden werden. Die Abscheidungspotentiale der beiden Metalle können durch Wahl der Arbeitsbedingungen und Konzentrationen praktisch gleich groß gemacht werden.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 283-286 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of urea on the electrolytic deposition of nickelUrea has a highly detrimental effect on the current yield of a nickel bath as the yield is reduced to less than 50 per cent. The presence of urea gives rise to higher polarisations which can be only partially reduced by increasing the temperature and current density. With a urea addition, however, it is possible, at low pH values of the bath, to obtain good nickel deposits even with comparatively low nickel salt concentrations and even with high current densities of 20 amps/dm2. The brightness of the nickel coating is considerably improved by urea.
    Notes: Harnstoff übt auf die Stromausbeute eines Nickelbades einen sehr nachteiligen Einfluß aus, da diese bis auf weniger als 50% herabgesetzt wird. Es treten in Gegenwart von Harnstoff größere Polarisationen auf, die durch eine Temperatur- und Stromdichteerhöhung nur teilweise vermindert werden können. Ein Harnstoff-Zusatz gestattet jedoch bei niedrigen PH-Werten des Bades auch bei verhältnismäßig niedrigen Nickelsalz-Konzentrationen selbst bei hohen Stromdichten von 20 A/dm2 noch gute Nickel-Niederschläge abzuscheiden. Der Glanz des Nickelüberzuges wird durch Harnstoff erheblich verbessert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 420-425 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The influence on the composition of iron-chromium-nickel alloys of the working conditions in complex metal sulphate baths containing ureaAn investigation has been carried out on the influence of the pH value, temprature, current density, duration of electrolysis and electrode material on the composition of iron-chromium-nickel alloys obtained from the bath of the three metal sulphates in the presence of urea and boric acid, as well as on current yield, brightness and appearance of the deposits.The three metals, iron, chromium and nickel, impede each other greatly in the deposition so that the current yields are much smaller than might be expected from the deposit ratios of the individual metals in uniformly composed baths. The maximum current yield is no more than 25 per cent. The mutual impedance in the deposition is reduced if temperature and voltage, i.e. the current density, is increased.The composition of the alloy and the current yield are largely determined by a diaphragm forming on the cathode surface and consisting of chromium hydroxide. This has a particularly great influence on the deposition of the chromium and impedes that of the nickel and, through to a lesser degree, that of the iron.
    Notes: Es wurden der Einfluß des pH-Wertes, der Temperatur, Stromdichte, Elektrolysendauer und des Elektrodenmaterials auf die Zusammensetzung von Eisen-Chrom-Nickel-Legierungen aus dem Bade der drei Metallsulfate, mit Harnstoff und Borsäure, auf Stromausbeute, Glanz und Aussehen der Niederschläge untersucht.Die drei Metalle Eisen, Chrom und Nickel behindern sich gegenseitig sehr stark bei ihrer Abscheidung, so daß weit geringere Stromausbeuten erhalten werden, als nach den Abscheidungsverhältnissen der einzelnen Metalle in gleichartig zusammengesetzten Bädern zu erwarten wäre. Die Stromausbeute erreicht maximal nur 25%. Die gegenseitige Behinderung bei der Abscheidung wird geringer, wenn die Temperatur und angelegte Spannung, also die Stromdichte, erhöht werden.Die Zusammensetzung der Legierung und Stromausbeute wird weitgehend durch ein aus Chromhydroxyd bestehendes, auf der Kathodenoberfläche sich ausbildendes Diaphragma bestimmt. Es beeinflußt besonders stark die Abscheidung des Chroms und behindert die des Nickels, weniger jedoch die des Eisens.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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