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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 330 (1988), S. 315-318 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 25.70.−z
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied photon production in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies in the Molecular Dynamics approach, where the radiation amplitudes have been derived from the many-body dynamics in the classical bremsstrahlung formalism. This concept allows for a comparison of cross sections obtained by coherent and incoherent summation of amplitudes. The numerical results show a significant enhancement of the coherent cross section for photon energies below 40 MeV due to the dynamical influence of the nuclear mean field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 321 (1985), S. 589-592 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 34.50.Fa ; 25.70.−z
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We show that emission of high-energy electrons and photons in nuclear collisions at intermediate energies is sensitive to the space-time evolution of the reaction. The electron and photon spectra measure related but complementary quantities connected with the nuclear charge distribution. We show that at 60 MeV/u beam energy production of 50 MeV electrons is predicted to measurable probability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 3603-3611 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: PVA ; acrylic acid ; methacrylic acid ; 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-azlactone ; acrylamides ; GPC ; light scattering ; photochemistry ; contact lenses ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was partially modified by polymer analogous reaction with acrylic and methacrylic acid and with 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-azlactone to obtain water-soluble polymers with pendant (meth)acrylate and acrylamide groups. Aqueous solutions of these polymers were crosslinked by UV-irradiation within seconds to form transparent networks with potential for use in contact lenses. The water content of these hydrogels was studied as a function of polymer molecular weight, the acetate, (meth)acrylate, and methacrylamide contents and irradiation conditions. The hydrogels showed good mechanical properties, even at low crosslinker (〈5 mol %) and high water contents (60-80%). The formation kinetics and stability of aggregates, investigated by combined GPC/light-scattering measurements of samples annealed and/or stored at different temperatures (-20 to 100°C), give insight into PVA secondary structures. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3603-3611, 1997
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 59 (1996), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Zinc pigments react in aqueous alkaline media (e.g., water-borne paints) by the evolution of hydrogen. Low molecular weight styrene-maleic acid and styrene-acrylic acid/styrene-acrylate copolymers can inhibit this corrosion reaction of zinc pigments in a mixture of water and butyl glycol in the ratio 9 : 1 at a pH value of 10 (ammonia). High molecular weight styrene-maleic acid copolymers are only very poor corrosion inhibitors. This was proved by volumetric measurement of the evolved hydrogen. There seems to be a correlation between the content of carboxyl groups of the low molecular weight styrene-maleic acid and styrene-acrylic acid/styrene-acrylate copolymers and the evolved hydrogen volume in ammoniacal aqueous medium: The lower the acid number of the styrene copolymers, the lower is the evolved hydrogen volume. Low molecular weight styrene copolymers neutralized with dimethylethanolamine inhibit the corrosion reaction much better than with ammonia. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 48 (1993), S. 887-896 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: cis-Polybutadiene networks with microstructure 98% cis, cross-linked in the bulk state by gamma irradiation, were characterized in terms of their mechanical properties. Data from stress-strain analyses, swelling degrees, stress relaxation, and random-linking theory are in accordance and the estimated gel points practically coincide. Trapped entanglements lead to a 30% increase in the network modulus, from which also the plateau modulus, 0.71 ± 0.09 MPa, was determined. The tensile data were obtained from Mooney-Rivlin representations without junction constrained corrections. Preliminary stress-relaxation experiments indicated a slow relaxation at room temperature. It can be concluded that the assumption of additive contributions from chemical and entanglement cross-link densities in the Langley theory works well in the range of doses investigated here. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 637-640 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion inhibition resp. stimulation of aluminium pigments in aqueous alkaline medium by polyacrylic acidsFlakelike aluminium pigments (aluminium content 〉 99.5%) are corroded in a mixture of water and butyl glycol at pH = 10 by the evolution of hydrogen. Low-molecular weight polyacrylic acids inhibit the corrosion of aluminium pigments with addition of 0.3-0.5 weight-% significantly better than high-molecular weight polyacrylic acids. By addition of very low amounts (0.05-0.1 weight-%) of polyacrylic acid the low-molecular ones show no effect whereas high-molecular polyacrylic acids stimulate the corrosion reaction. That means that high-molecular weight polyacrylic acids show a contrary action depending on their concentration. The measurement of dissolved aluminium(III) by atomic absorption spectroscopy indicates the formation of (at least partial) soluble aluminium(III)-polyacrylate-complexes whereby the solubility with addition of low-molecular weight polyacrylic acids is lower than with high-molecular.
    Notes: Blättchenförmige Aluminiumpigmente (Aluminiumgehalt 〉 99,5%) werden in einem Gemisch aus Wasser und Butylglykol bei pH = 10 schnell unter Wasserstoffentwicklung korrodiert. Niedrigmolekulare Polyacrylsäuren inhibieren bei einem Zusatz von 0,3-0,5 Gew.-% die Korrosion von Aluminiumpigmenten deutlich besser als hochmolekulare. Bei sehr niedrigen Zusatzmengen (0,05-0,1 Gew.-%) von Polyacrylsäuren zeigen die niedrigmolekularen keine Wirkung, während hochmolekulare die Korrosion stimulieren. D.h. hochmolekulare Polyacrylsäuren haben je nach Konzentration eine völlig gegensätzliche Wirkung. Die Messung von gelöstem Aluminium(III) im Korrosionsmedium durch Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie spricht für die Bildung von (zumindest teilweise) löslichen Aluminium(III)-Polyacrylat-Komplexen, wobei die Löslichkeit bei niedrigmolekularen Polyacrylsäuren niedriger ist als bei hochmolekularen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 755-758 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion inhibition of aluminium pigments by esters of gallic acidAluminium pigments corrode in mixtures of water and butyl glycol with the evolution of hydrogen, which can easily be measured gasvolumetrically. This corrosion reaction can be inhibited with addition of esters of gallic acid (gallates). The corrosion inhibiting effect of the gallates increases with increasing chain length of the ester alcohol; this connexion between the chemical structure of the inhibitors and the evolved volumes of hydrogen can be correlated mathematically with the help of an exponential function. The best inhibitor dodecyl gallate, which is an amphiphilic molecule with a chelating head group, showed protective values of about 99 %. To corroborate the assumption, that amphiphilic molecules with chelating head groups are in general effective inhibitors for the examined corrosion reaction, a second example, the amphiphilic agaric acid (α-hexadecyl citric acid) was tested in comparison to the head group (citric acid); again the amphiphilic molecule inhibited the corrosion reaction of aluminium pigment more effectively as the head group alone.
    Notes: Aluminiumpigmente korrodieren in Gemischen aus Wasser und Butylglykol bei pH 8 bzw. 10 unter Wasserstoffentwicklung, was gasvolumetrisch leicht gemessen werden kann. Diese Korrosionsreaktion kann durch Zusatz von Estern der Gallussäure (Gallate) inhibiert werden. Dabei steigt die korrosionsinhibierende Wirkung der Gallate mit zunehmender Kettenlänge des Esteralkohols; dieser Zusammenhang zwischen dem chemischen Aufbau der Inhibitoren und der entwickelten Menge an Wasserstoff läßt sich mit Hilfe einer Exponential funktion mathematisch korrelieren. Mit dem besten Inhibitor Dodecylgallat, das ein Amphiphil mit zur Chelatkomplexbildung befähigter Kopfgruppe ist, wurden Schutzwerte um 99% erreicht. Um die Vermutung, das derartige Amphiphile allgemein gute Inhibitoren für die untersuchte Korrosionsreaktion sind, zu erhärten, wurde als zweites Beispiel das Amphiphil Agaricinsäure (α-Hexadecylcitronensäure) im Vergleich zur Kopfgruppe Citronensäure geprüft; auch hier inhibierte das Amphiphil die Korrosionsreaktion des Aluminiumpigments besser als die Kopfgruppe alleine.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Effect of pH on the corrosion inhibition of aluminium pigments by styrene-maleic acid copolymersAluminium pigments corrode in a mixture of water and butyl glycol in the ratio 9:1 with the evolution of hydrogen. The aluminium pigment without corrosion inhibitors reacts at pH 10 faster than at pH 8. Styrene-maleic acid copolymers inhibit this corrosion reaction; the corrosion inhibiting effect increases with decreasing acid number of the copolymers. With addition of low-molecular styrene-maleic acid copolymers (relative molar mass ≤ 60000) less hydrogen is evolved at pH 8 than at pH 10; the solubility of aluminium(III) in the corrosion medium is at pH 8 lower than at pH 10. With addition of high-molecular styrene-maleic acid copolymers (relative molar mass ≥ 100000) it is just the other way round: At pH 8 more hydrogen is evolved than at pH 10; the solubility of aluminium(III) in the corrosion medium is at pH 8 higher than at pH 10.
    Notes: Aluminiumpigmente korrodieren in einem Gemisch aus Wasser und Butylglykol im Verhältnis 9:1 unter Wasserstoffentwicklung. Dabei wird das Aluminiumpigment ohne inhibierende Zusätze bei pH 10 schneller als bei pH 8 umgesetzt. Styrol-Maleinsäure-Copolymere inhibieren diese Korrosionsreaktion, wobei deren korrosionsinhibierende Wirkung mit abnehmender Säurezahl steigt. Bei Zusatz von niedrigmolekularen Styrol-Maleinsäure-Copolymeren (Molmasse ≤ 60000) wird bei pH 8 weniger Wasserstoff entwickelt als bei pH 10; gleichzeitig ist die Löslichkeit von Aluminium(III) im Korrosionsmedium bei pH 8 kleiner als bei pH 10. Bei Zusatz von hochmolekularen Styrol-Maleinsäure-Copolymeren (Molmasse ≥ 100000) ist es genau umgekehrt: Bei pH 8 wird mehr Wasserstoff entwickelt als bei pH 10; dabei ist die Löslichkeit von Aluminium(III) bei pH 8 größer als bei pH 10.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 272-277 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion and inhibition of corrosion of aluminium pigments in alkaline aqueous mediumFlakelike aluminum pigments (Al-content 〉 99.5%) were corroded in an aqueous alkaline mixture of water and butyl glycol in the ratio 9: 1. Chelating agents like citric acid or polyacrylic acid inhibit this corrosion reaction. The temporal progress of the corrosion reaction can be determined by volumetric analysis of the evolved hydrogen and furthermore, with addition of the corrosion inhibitors, by measuring the electrical conductivity of the solution.The corrosion reaction consists essentially of two steps: 1In the latency period no or only little corrosion takes place; during this, time the protective layers (normal oxide layer or layers reinforced by reaction products of inhibitor and aluminum) were dissolved.2After that the actual corrosion reaction takes place.It was proved that changes of the pH-value or addition of corrosion inhibitors only influence the duration of the latency period; after that period the rate of the corrosion reaction is nearly independent from the examined conditions.
    Notes: Blättchenförmige Aluminiumpigmente (Al-Gehalt 〉 99,5%) werden in einem alkalischen Gemisch aus Wasser und Butylglykol im Verhältnis 9: 1 korrodiert. Durch Chelatkomplexbildner wie Citronensäure bzw. Polyacrylsäure kann diese Korrosionsreaktion inhibitirt werden. Der zeitliche Verlauf der Korrosionsreaktion läßt sich durch gasvolumetrische Bestimmung des entstehenden Wasserstoffs und zusätzlich, beim Einsatz der genannten Inhibitoren, durch Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit der Lösung verfolgen.Die Korrosionsreaktion besteht im wesentlichen aus zwei Teilschritten: 1In der Latenzphase, in der kaum Korrosion stattfindet, werden wahrscheinlich die Schutzschichten, (natürliche Oxidschicht bzw. durch Reaktionsprodukte von Inhibitor und Aluminium verstärkte Schichten) aufgelöst.2Danach kommt es zur eigentlichen sehr schnellen Korrosionsreaktion.Es wurde nachgewiesen, daß sich Änderungen des pH-Wertes bzw. der Zusatz von carboxygruppenhaltigen Inhibitoren nur auf die Länge der Latenzphase auswirken; danach läuft die Korrosionsreaktion unabhängig von den untersuchten Bedingungen in etwa gleich schnell ab.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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