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  • 1
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Schlagwort(e): Rabbit embryos ; Micromanipulation ; Nuclear transfer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: The objective of this research was to study efficiency of embryo development following transfer of blastomeres into the perivitelline space of oocytes. Single blastomeres from 8-, 16-, and 32-cell embryos were obtained following mucin coat and zona pellucida removal by combined treatments with pronase and acidic phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH = 2.5). Blastomeres were separated by pipetting with a fire-polished micropipette following incubation in Ca++-free PBS for 15 min at 39°C. This procedure resulted in over 97% blastomere separation. For ease of blastomere insertion, oocytes were placed in droplets of 0.5 M sucrose in PBS (SPBS) during micromanipulation. To functionally enucleate oocytes some were stained with Hoechst 33342 DNA stain and irradiated. A single 8- or 16-cell blastomere was aspirated into an injection pipette (35 μm or 25 μm at the tip, respectively) and inserted into the perivitelline space of an irradiated or non-irradiated oocyte, but not fused with the oocyte. This micromanipulation procedure did not affect development of individual blastomeres into blastocysts or trophectoderm vesicles when compared with cultured control single blastomeres (P 〉 .05). When the inserted blastomere was induced to fuse with an intact non-irradiated oocyte under an electric field, 56-57% were fused and 39-45% of the fused and activated oocytes developed to morulae or blastocysts. When an inserted blastomere (from 8-32-cell embryos) was induced to fuse with a functionally enucleated oocyte treated by Hoechst 33342 staining, followed by washing and UV-light irradiation, 63-66% of them were fused, but only 15-22% developed to the morula or blastocyst stage. This research demonstrated that the use of hypertonic medium treated oocytes greatly improved the ease and success rate of blastomere subzona insertion, but the value of functionally enucleated oocytes as recipient cells for nuclear transfer requires further investigation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2485-2500 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The solid-state polymerization by γ-radiation and postpolymerization of bulk samples of trioxane has been investigated. Different thermal treatment results in radically different initial morphologies of the melt-crystallized trioxane which in turn have a profound influence on the yield and morphology of the resulting poly(oxymethylene) (POM). The polymerization yield increases in the following series: melt-crystallized trioxane with an “opaque” (small grains) morphology, as-grown needles, trioxane with a “quasi-transparent” morphology, and finally thermally oriented crystals. Furthermore, little additional POM is formed during repeated polymerization cycles. The observation of an extensive nodulation of the polymer fibrils when the yield is high is consistent with a multiple-stage growth model for the solid-state polymerization of trioxane.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 301-313 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: This report describes a series of recent experiments in which various thermal transitions including stress relaxations and glass transitions in high polymers were characterized by observing birefringence changes during heating and cooling. An automatic recording device employing a hot stage, polarizing microscope, photocell, and chart recorder was employed in these investigations. A general discussion of the utility and advantages of the technique of thermo-optical analysis (TOA) as well as its deficiencies is presented. Characteristic birefringence-temperature profiles of a number of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers are included.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2665-2677 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The formation of a polymer/polymer composite by solid-state polymerization of trioxane (TOX) crystals grown within binary trioxane/polycaprolactone or trioxane/poly(oxythylene) mixtures is reported. At present, such composites have been formed with trioxane-rich (hypoeutectic) mixtures. It is observed that in this composition range, much higher yields are obtained through thermal orientation of the TOX crystals which result in very highly ordered systems as revealed by optical and electron microscopy. These POM-rich composites were not, however, amenable to mechanical testing.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The characteristic fetures of isobaric volume and enthalpy recovery of glasses are briefly recalled and analysed in terms of a multiparameter model involving a distribution of retardation times, τi. The latter are assumed to depend both on temperature and on the instantaneous state (structure) of the glass, whereas the shape of the retardation spectrum is invariant and merely shifts, as τi, along the logarithmic time scale. Qualitative comparison of the theoretical predictions with various types of experiment reveals an excellent agreement. Some effects of structural recovery on the mechanical, or electrical properties of polymer glasses are also recalled and discussed in terms of the theoretical model The text which follows is merely an extended abstract of the work published elsewhere (see Refs 5 & 10)..
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 26 (1988), S. 501-513 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The KAHR model of structural relaxation has been extended to include the effects of pressure upon the retardation times of glass-forming materials. The previously used methodology is applied with a continuous distribution of retardation times of the fractional exponential form. Several forms of the pressure dependence are examined. The combined temperature and pressure changes on structural recovery of glasses are addressed in this paper.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 34 (1996), S. 2467-2532 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A multiordering parameter model for glass-transition phenomena has been developed on the basis of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In this treatment the state of the glass is determined by the values of N ordering parameters in addition to T and P; the departure from equilibrium is partitioned among the various ordering parameters, each of which is associated with a unique retardation time. These times are assumed to depend on T, P, and on the instantaneous state of the system characterized by its overall departure from equilibrium, giving rise to the well-known nonlinear effects observed in volume and enthalpy recovery. The contribution of each ordering parameter to the departure and the associated retardation times define the fundamental distribution function (the structural retardation spectrum) of the system or, equivalently, its fundamental material response function. These, together with a few experimentally measurable material constants, completely define the recovery behavior of the system when subjected to any thermal treatment. The behavior of the model is explored for various classes of thermal histories of increasing complexity, in order to simulate real experimental situations. The relevant calculations are based on a discrete retardation spectrum, extending over four time decades, and on reasonable values of the relevant material constants in order to imitate the behavior of polymer glasses. The model clearly separates the contribution of the retardation spectrum from the temperature-structure dependence of the retardation times which controls its shifts along the experimental time scale. This is achieved by using the natural time scale of the system which eliminates all the nonlinear effects, thus reducing the response function to the Boltzmann superposition equation, similar to that encountered in the linear viscoelasticity. As a consequence, the system obeys a rate (time) -temperature reduction rule which provides for generalization within each class of thermal treatment. Thus the model establishes a rational basis for comparing theory with experiment, and also various kinds of experiments between themselves. The analysis further predicts interesting features, some of which have often been overlooked. Among these are the impossibility of extraction of the spectrum (or response function) from experiments involving cooling from high temperatures at finite rate; and the appearance of two peaks in the expansion coefficient, or heat capacity, during the heating state of three-step thermal cycles starting at high temperatures. Finally, the theory also provides a rationale for interpreting the time dependence of mechanical or other structure-sensitive properties of glasses as well as for predicting their long-range behavior.
    Zusätzliches Material: 26 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 8 (1952), S. 350-352 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 30 (1958), S. 131-147 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: When an amorphous polymer is quenched from a temperature, T0 〉 Tg, to a temperature, T1, below the glass transition temperature, Tg, an isothermal volume contraction is observed. This phenomenon is described from numerous observations with polystyrene, polyvinylacetate, and polypiperidide and polymorpholide acrylate samples. The volume isotherms can be represented as a function of time by an empirical expression, v = f(log t'), which contains three parameters. The variation of these parameters with temperature is discussed. In the transition region the isotherms can be superposed by shifting them on the abscissa, log t'. The variation of the shift factor, aT, with temperature is essentially the same as that which can be deduced from viscoelastic studies on amorphous polymers. This suggests that similar molecular processes are involved in stress relaxation and isothermal volume contraction of glasses. The limiting value of log aT/(T - Tg), as T approaches Tg, can be related to the constants that control the volume variations with temperature and time. The discussion of these results leads to a precise kinetic definition of Tg which is compatible with that obtained in the usual manner if proper experimental procedures are used.
    Notizen: Lorsqu'on trempe un polymère ainorphe à partir d'une température T0 〉 Tg à une température T1 〈 Tg, Tg, btant la température de transition vitreuse, on observe une contraction isotherme du volume à T1 qui se poursuit généralement pendant une longue periode. On decrit ce phenombne à partir des observations faites sur des échantillons de polystyrolène, d'acétate de polyvinyle, de polypiperidide et de polymorpholide acrylique. L'expression empirique des isothermes de contraction du volume, v = ƒ(log t′), contient trois paramhtres dont on discute les variations en fonction de la température. Dans la region de la transition vitreuse, les isothermes de contraction peuvent se superposer it l'aide d'une translation le long de l'axe de log t′. La variation du paramètre de super- position a, en fonction de la température est sensiblement la méme que celle deduite par d'autres auteurs, de la variation des paramhtres Blastovisqueux des polymeres amorphes. Ceci sugghre que les processus moléculaires responsables de la relaxation de la contrainte mécanique et ceux qui provoquent la contraction isotherme du volume, sont identiques. La valeur limite de log aT(T - Tg), lorsque T tend vers Tg, s'exprime à partir des paramhtres qui regissent la variation du volume en fonction de la température et du temps. La discussion de ces resultats conduit, enfin, à une définition cinétique précise de la température Tg qui est compatible avec sa définition usuelle à condition d'adopter un procédé expérimental adéquat.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 34 (1959), S. 551-568 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Specific volumes of three polyethylene samples (High Pressure), Ziegler and Marlex were determined dilatometrically between -35 and 175°C. after various heat treatments. The parameters that govern the degree of crystallinity X are derived and discussed. An attempt is made to relate the variation of crystallinity with temperature to the molecular structure of the sample. If it is assumed that a particular temperature T corresponds to the melting point of a linear paraffin of N carbon atoms, it is possible to relate N to X and to determine the distribution and the mean value of the length of the segments in the crystalline fraction. From these one can deduce the period of the occurence of the crystalline and amorphous segments assuming that the polyethylene chain is made up of a succession of such segments. Experiments show that the mean value of this period is independent of the heat treatment. If it is assumed further than each period contains at least one methyl group, it is possible to evaluate the ratio CH3/CH2 for each of the three polyethylenes. The values so obtained show satisfactory agreement with those obtained by I.R. spectroscopy.
    Notizen: On a mesuré par dilatométrie le volume spécifique de trois poltéthylènes (Haute Pression, Ziegler, Marlex) entre -35 et 175°C après avoir fait subir aux échantillons différents traitements thermiques. Après discussion des paramètres qui déterminent le taux de cristallinité du poltéthylène, on a tenté de relier les variations de × en fonction de la température T, à la structure moléculaire. En admettant que chaque valeur de T correspond à la température de fusion d'une paraffine linéaire comprenant N atomes de carbone, on peut exprimer X en fonction de N et déterminer ainsi la fonction de distribution et la moyenne des longuers des chaǐnons de la fraction cristalline. En supposant que la chaǐne du polyéthylène est formée par la succession alternée des chaǐnons cristallins et des régions amorphes, on peut déterminer la période moyenne de cette alternance qui se révèle indépendante du traitement thermique particulier de l'échantil lon. En associant au moins un groupe méthyle à cette période, on peut déterminer le rapport des groupes CH3/CH2 présents dans chacun des trois poltéthylènes. La comparaison de ces résultats à ceux de la spectrographie I.R. montre un accord d'autant plus satisfaisant que le polymère est moins ramifié.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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