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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limitation of life support: Frequency and practice in a London and a Cape Town intensive care unit (1996)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 1020-1025 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Critical care ; Ethics ; Resuscitation orders ; Advance directives ; Life support withdrawal ; Prognosis ; Severity of illness index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives To examine the frequency of limiting (withdrawing and withholding) therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU), the grounds for limiting therapy, the people involved in the decisions, the way the decisions are implemented and the patient outcome. Design Prospective survey. Ethical approval was obtained. Setting ICUs in tertiary centres in London and Cape Town. Patients All patients who died or had life support limited. Interventions Data collection only. Results There were 65 deaths out of 945 ICU discharges in London and 45 deaths out of 354 ICU discharges in Cape Town. Therapy was limited in 81.5% and 86.7% respectively (p=0.6) of patients who died. The mean ages of patients whose therapy was limited were 60.2 years and 51.9 years (p=0.014) and mean APACHE II scores 18.5 and 22.6 (p=0.19) respectively. The most common reason for limiting therapy in both centres was multiple organ failure. Both medical and nursing staff were involved in most decisions, which were only implemented once wide consensus had been reached and the families had accepted the situation. Inotropes, ventilation, blood products, and antibiotics were most commonly withdrawn. The mean time from admission to the decision to limit therapy was 11.2 days in London and 9.6 days in Cape Twon. The times to outcome (death in all patients) were 13.2 h and 8.1 h respectively. Conclusions Withdrawal of therapy occurred commonly, most often because of multiple organ failure. Wide consensus was reached before a decision was made, and the time to death was generally short.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01699222
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limitation of life support: frequency and practice in a London and a Cape Town intensive care unit (1996)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 1020-1025 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Critical care ; Ethics ; Resuscitation orders ; Advance directives ; Life support withdrawal ; Prognosis ; Severity of illness index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To examine the frequency of limiting (withdrawing and withholding) therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU), the grounds for limiting therapy, the people involved in the decisions, the way the decisions are implemented and the patient outcome. Design: Prospective survey. Ethical approval was obtained. Setting: ICUs in tertiary centres in London and Cape Town. Patients: All patients who died or had life support limited. Interventions: Data collection only. Results: There were 65 deaths out of 945 ICU discharges in London and 45 deaths out of 354 ICU discharges in Cape Town. Therapy was limited in 81.5% and 86.7% respectively (p=0.6) of patients who died. The mean ages of patients whose therapy was limited were 60.2 years and 51.9 years (p=0.014) and mean APACHE II scores 18.5 and 22.6 (p=0.19) respectively. The most common reason for limiting therapy in both centres was multiple organ failure. Both medical and nursing staff were involved in most decisions, which were only implemented once wide consensus had been reached and the families had accepted the situation. Inotropes, ventilation, blood products, and antibiotics were most commonly withdrawn. The mean time from admission to the decision to limit therapy was 11.2 days in London and 9.6 days in Cape Town. The times to outcome (death in all patients) were 13.2 h and 8.1 h respectively. Conclusions: Withdrawal of therapy occurred commonly, most often because of multiple organ failure. Wide consensus was reached before a decision was made, and the time to death was generally short.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01699222
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cationic polymerization of butadiene and copolymerization of butadiene and styreneThis investigation was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1951)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 6 (1951), S. 483-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The cationic polymerization of butadiene with several Friedel-Crafts catalysts has been described. Aluminum chloride and chlorosulfonic acid are active catalysts at -75°. The rate of polymerization at -75° is much faster than at the higher temperatures. Except for boron trifluoride etherate, which catalyzes the polymerization at -30°, the other catalysts (sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, stannic chloride, and boron trifluoride hydrate) produce appreciable amounts of polymer only at 0° or higher.The effect of variables, such as catalyst concentration, catalyst solvent, dilution, reaction time, etc., differs with each individual catalyst. In some cases, results were not conclusive due to lack of reproducibility. It was found that the presence of moisture is mainly responsible for this lack of reproducibility. Traces of water promote the polymerization with stannic chloride or boron trifluoride etherate, but inhibit the polymerization when an ethyl bromide solution of aluminum chloride is used as catalyst.Rubberlike polyhutadienes can be obtained with all catalysts except sulfuric and fuming sulfuric acids. However, the physical properties of these polymers show that the molecular weight is very low and that the polymer is not suitable as a rubber. Polymers ranging from viscous liquids to hard, brittle solids have also been obtained. In general, the solubility of the polymers is low. Approximately 60% of the butadiene enters the polymer chain by 1,4 addition.The copolymerization of butadiene and styrene at -75° with an ethyl bromide solution of aluminum chloride has also been studied. At conversions between 20 and 30% a soluble, rubberlike copolymer having a low molecular weight is formed. An insoluble, brittle polymer is obtained a t higher conversions.The soluble, cationic copolymer has a characteristic ultraviolet absorption curve which is different from that of GR-S. It has a styrene content of approximately 50% by weight which demonstrates that the styrene is more active in cationic copolymerization than is butadiene.
    Additional Material: 16 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1951.120060409
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thiol/ene photocurable polymersPresented in part to the Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry, 165th National Meeting American Chemical Society, Dallas, Texas, April 1973. (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 627-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photosensitized crosslinking of polyenes with polythiols has been demonstrated to be a free-radical chain reaction whose apparent quantum yield is in the range of 2 × 102-4 × 102 mole/einstein. Initiation occurs by abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the thiol group by the excited n,π* triplet of the ketonic photosensitizer. Kinetic studies of model systems have shown that electron-donating substituents attached or close to the double bond accelerate the thiol addition while electron-withdrawing groups decrease the rate. With a given olefin, slight differences in reaction rates are observed depending on the structure of the thiol. Mercaptopropionate esters are more reactive than mercaptoacetates which, in turn, are more reactive than alkane thiols. Cure rates for polyene-polythiol systems are in accord with results found for the model systems. Aromatic carbonyl compounds are the most effective sensitizers for this reaction. To a first approximation, the effectiveness of the sensitizer depends only upon the absorbance. No correlation was found between photoactivity and the triplet energies or lifetimes of the sensitizers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170150311
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thiol/ene photocurable polymers (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 1543-1543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170150632
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of phosphines on thiol/ene curing systemsPresented to the Division of Polymer Chemistry, 172nd Meeting of the American Chemical Society, San Francisco, August, 1976. (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 16 (1978), S. 75-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.130160203
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