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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2)
  • polylactic acid-polyethylene glycol  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 42 (1998), S. 45-54 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: nanospheres ; polylactic acid-polyethylene glycol ; protein encapsulation ; protein delivery ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The development of injectable nanoparticulate “stealth” carriers for protein delivery is a major challenge. We have shown the possibility of entrapping human serum albumin (HSA) in polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated monodisperse biodegradable nanospheres with a mean diameter of about 200 nm, prepared from amphiphilic diblock PEG-polylactic acid (PLA) copolymers, with loadings up to 9% (w/w). Microscopic techniques and surface analysis studies enabled us to prove that the protein was well entrapped and not adsorbed onto the particle surface. Zeta potential and water uptake studies corroborated that part of the PEG chains are located in the nanosphere matrix. Water uptake in the nanospheres was related to their chemical composition, i.e., the respective wt% of PEG and PLA in the matrix, and not on their fabrication procedure. The hydrophilic PEG blocks absorbed up to 130% (w/w) water, whereas PLA absorbed only about 10% (w/w). However, the rate of swelling at the beginning of the process was related to the structure of the matrix, more particularly to the manner in which PEG was disposed at the surface. Furthermore, it was shown that the PEG “brush” at the nanosphere surface drastically reduces HSA adsorption on the PEG-PLA nanospheres compared to the PLA ones. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Biomed Mater Res, 42, 45-54, 1998.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polymerization exclusively occurs at the anode under suitable conditions when sodium acetate is electrolyzed between platinum electrodes in a mixture of dimethylformamide (DMF)/acetic acid(AcOH)/methylmethacrylate(MMA), which is also a solvent for poly-MMA. The initiation is due to the products of the anodic discharge of the acetate ions. The rate of polymerization is proportional to the forth root of current; however, there is no further increase in rate when the current density is raised beyond 2.5 mA/cm2 which coincides with the begin of electrolytic oxidation of DMF. In the temperature range examined (10-45°C) the overall energy of activation (8.6 kcal/mole) is nearly double the value characteristic for photoinitiated polymerization of MMA. The degrees of polymerization obtained a t the experimental rates as well as the dependence of the amount of polymer formed in the system (P) on the volume of the solution \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\rm (V), P \alpha }\sqrt {\rm V} ,$\end{document} indicate that polymerization occurs homogeneously in the entire system.These results can be explained with the aid of a model in which the layer directly attached to the anode is considered as a separate “zone” of reaction (“Zweizonenmodell”). In this electrode zone during electrolysis a stationary concentration CER of “electrode zone radicals” is established a small fraction of which is able to escape into the interior of the solution (the real locus of polymerization) by desorption, diffusion, and/or reaction with monomer. Only these primary radicals which have escaped the electrode zone and which afterwards are distributed homogeneously over the total available volume of the solution are responsible for the formation of high molecular weight products.
    Notes: Bei der Elektrolyse von Natriumacetat in Dimethylformamid(DMF)/Essigsäure (AcOH)/Methylmethacrylat(MMA)-Gemischen, die auch ein Lösungsmittel für Poly-MMA darstellen, kommt es unter geeigneten Bedingungen zwischen Platinelektroden lediglich an der Anode zur Polymerisation. Der Kettenstart wird dabei durch Folgeprodukte der anodischen Entladung der Acetationen ausgelöst. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit ist der vierten Wurzel der Stromstärke proportional; ab einer Stromdichte von etwa 2,5 mA/cm2 erfolgt allerdings keine weitere Zunahme der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit mehr. Dieser Punkt fällt ungefähr mit dem Beginn der anodischen Oxydation von DMF zusammen. Im untersuchten Temperaturbereich (10-45°C) ist die Bruttoaktivierungsenergie des Polymerisationsvorgangs (8,6 kcal/Mol) fast doppelt so groß wie bei photochemischer Anregung. Die bei den erhaltenen Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeiten auftretenden Polymerisationsgrade sprechen ebenso wie die Abhängigkeit der im System gebildeten Polymermenge P vom Volumen der Lösung \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\rm V}\left( {{\rm P} \sim \sqrt {\rm V} } \right)$\end{document} für einen homogenen Verlauf der Polymerisation im gesamten Reaktionsraum.Diese Befunde lassen sich mit Hilfe einer Modellvorstellung deuten, bei der eine unmittelbar an die Elektrode angrenzende Schicht als eigene „Reaktionszone“ aufgefaßt wird (Zweizonenmodell). In dieser Elektrodenzone stellt sich bei der Elektrolyse eine stationäre Konzentration cER an „Elektrodenzonen-Radikalen“ ein; nur ein geringer Bruchteil dieser Radikale gelangt durch Desorption, Diffusion oder Reaktion mit dem Monomeren in das Lösungsinnere, das den eigentlichen Reaktionsraum darstellt. Nur dieser Bruchteil der primär an der Elektrode gebildeten Radikale, der sich dann innerhalb der Lebensdauer der Radikalketten homogen im gesamten zur Verfügung stehenden Elektrolysenvolumen verteilt, ist für die Bildung hochmolekularer Produkte verantwortlich.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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