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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 13 (1980), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 87 (1987), S. 1433-1439 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An analysis of the configuration of pairs of self-avoiding five-way cubic lattice chains has revealed that on average the relative (squared) chain dimensions XI associated with any I- tupel of intermolecular overlaps (double occupancies) within fair limits of accuracy may be treated as an arithmetic series, ΔXI=(I−1)ΔX2, or, alternatively, also as a geometric series, XI=XI−12, for not too large values of I. Based on these findings comparatively simple expressions for the coefficient characterizing the first order concentration dependence kX of the squared end-to-end distance and the squared radius of gyration have been developed built up from X2 and the excluded volume functions h(z) and ψ(z) for the arithmetic series case, or h(z) and h(X2z), for the geometric series case, respectively. kX values calculated according to these expressions coincide well with those evaluated directly for lattice chains and exhibit at least fair agreement with those evaluated experimentally by SANS of SAXS techniques for real polymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 1152-1152 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 617-617 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Bestrahlung benzolischer Lösungen von N-Vinylcarbazol (NVC) mit langwelligem UV in Gegenwart von CBr4 in einer Glasapparatur bei 30°C tritt nach einer gewissen Zeit eine extrem rasch verlaufende Polymerisation auf. Die Zeit-Umsatz-Kurven besitzen dabei sigmoide Gestalt. Nach Abschalten der Lichtquelle läuft die Polymerisation mit annähernd unverminderter Geschwindigkeit weiter, so daß es sich um eine Polymerisation ohne Abbruchsreaktion handeln muß, für die aus den verschiedensten Gründen nur ein kationischer Mechanismus in Frage kommt. Wird eine benzol. Lösung von CBr4 vorbestrahlt und das Monomere erst nach Abschalten der Lichtquelle hinzugefügt, so kommt es ebenfalls zu einer Polymerisation, deren Geschwindigkeit jedoch zwei Größenordnungen niedriger ist als die Maximalgeschwindigkeiten bei der direkten Polymerisation in Gegenwart von CBr4 und Licht. Hier sind die Zeit-Umsatz-Kurven linear. In beiden Fällen läßt sich aus den Reaktionssystemen Säure isolieren. Auf Grund dieser Tatsachen wird ein Reaktionsschema aufgestellt, das für die Polymerisationsanregung durch vorbestrahlte CBr4-Lösungen im wesentlichen acide Zersetzungsprodukte des CBr4 (HBr) als Starter vorsieht. Bei der direkten Photopolymerisation ist das Monomere, wahrscheinlich in Form einesEDA-Komplexes mit CBr4, zumindest über die photochemische Energieaufnahme am Startschritt beteiligt und gibt so zu einer photochemisch induzierten kationischen Polymerisation Anlaß. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden mit Hilfe dieses Schemas interpretiert.
    Notes: Abstract N-Vinylcarbazol (NVC) shows an extremely fast polymerization when irradiated for several minutes in a glass vessel at 30°C with long wave length UV in benzene solutions containing CBr4. The conversion-time curves are sigmoid in character. The polymerization continues with its rate practically unchanged when the irradiation is stopped. Therefore termination reactions must be absent in this polymerization process which is shown to be cationic in mechanism. When a solution of CBr4 in benzene is irradiated and the monomer is added after the irradiation has been stopped polymerization occurs likewise; its rate, however, is two orders of magnitude less than the maximum rates in the direct polymerization in the presence of CBr4 and light. Here the conversion-time curves are linear. In both cases acidic products can be detected in the reaction systems. A reaction scheme is developed which attributes the initiation of polymerization by preirradiated CBr4 solutions to the action of acidic decomposition products of CBr4 (HBr). In the direct photopolymerization the monomer, probably in form of itsEDA-complex with CBr4, participates in the initiation step or at least in the uptake of the photochemical energy, leading to a photochemically induced cationic polymerization. Based on this scheme an interpretation of the experimental results is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 110 (1979), S. 1029-1043 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Cationic polymerisation ; kinetics of ; Counterion effect ; Gel permeation chromatography ; Motecular weight distribution ; Styrene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of various counter-ions has been investigated in the cationic polymerisation of styrene in 1,2-dichloroethane at different temperatures (238 K, 253 K). The soluble silver salts of the corresponding acids HBF4, HClO4, HPF6, HAsF6, and HSbF6 were added to the reaction medium before initiation by perchlorid acid. Monomer consumption is seen to be incomplete under these circumstances. Initial polymerisation rates and the final degree of monomer conversion rise with decreasing nucleophilicity of the counter-ions. A kinetic scheme is proposed which is able to describe the course of polymerisation and gives the approximate values of the rate constants for propagation, termination and chain transfer reactions, respectively. The information obtained from GPC-measurements on the polymeric products supports the view that chain propagation takes place by at least two different forms of active species, the ratio of which is strongly determined by the nature of the added silver salt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 88 (1957), S. 1115-1116 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The kinetics of the polymerization of styrene initiated by di-(3-benzeneazobenzoyl) peroxide (mABPO) have been studied. It was found that the ratio of initial rate of polymerization to the square root of initiator concentration $$v_2 /\surd \overline {c_S } $$ increased at higher concentration ofmABPO. This effect is more pronounced at lower temperatures of polymerization. Kinetic calculations as well as experiments performed with an indifferent aliphatic azo initiator (AIBN) in presence of azobenzene as a retarding agent at constant ratio of initiator to retarder concentration have definitely shown, that the double function ofmABPO as an initiator and a retarding agent can give no explanation for this behavior. The effect is rather due to a radical yielding reaction taking place between aromatic azo and peroxide groups in addition to the spontaneous decomposition of the peroxide, possibly in analogy to the reaction between peroxides and tertiary amines. Indications for a reaction of this kind are found in the increased overall rate of decomposition of dibenzoyl peroxide in presence of azobenzene as well as in the kinetics of the polymerization of styrene in presence of azobenzene initiated by dibenzoyl peroxide on the one hand and an indifferent aliphatic azo initiator on the other.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung der Kinetik der durch Di-(3-benzolazobenzoyl-)peroxid (mABPO) angeregten Polymerisation von Styrol zeigt sich, daß die den Anfangsgeschwindigkeiten entsprechenden scheinbaren Proportionalitätskonstanten $$v_2 /\surd \overline {c_S } $$ zwischen der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeitv 2 und der Wurzel aus der Starterkonzentrationc S bei höheren Starterkonzentrationen ansteigen, und zwar um so stärker, je niedriger die Reaktionstemperatur liegt. Sowohl kinetische Berechnungen als auch Experimente, die mit einem indifferenten aliphat. Azostarter (AIBN) unter Zusatz von Azobenzol als Verzögerer bei konstantem Verhältnis von Starter- zu Verzögererkonzentration durchgeführt wurden, haben eindeutig gezeigt, daß die Doppelfunktion desmABPO als Starter und Verzögerer keine Erklärung für dieses Verhalten liefern kann. Als Ursache für diesen Effekt ist vielmehr eine zwischen aromat. Azoeinheiten und Peroxidgruppierungen (wahrscheinlich analog zur Reaktion zwischen Peroxiden und aliphat.-aromat. tert. Aminen) verlaufende, zusätzlich zum Spontanzerfall des Peroxids auftretende Radikalbildungsreaktion anzusehen. Dafür sprechen die in Gegenwart von Azobenzol erhöhte (Gesamt-)Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit von Dibenzoylperoxid und mehrere indirekte kinetische Beweise, die auf einem Vergleich der durch indifferente aliphat. Azostarter einerseits und durch Dibenzoylperoxid andererseits angeregten Polymerisation in Gegenwart von Azobenzol beruhen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 99 (1968), S. 2422-2435 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The electrode processes in the cathodic initiation of acrylonitrile polymerization in the presence of quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts have been investigated by measuring the half wave potentials of the corresponding cations at the dropping mercury cathode and the rotating platinum electrode, acetonitrile with and without acrylonitrile being used as a solvent. By addition of acrylonitrile neither the position nor the height of the polarographic wave of the salt is changed. The phosphonium and ammonium ions investigated were reduced partly at more positive, partly at more negative potentials than acrylonitrile. Copolymerization experiments have shown that the polymerization mechanism is anionic in either case. Reaction mechanisms are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Aufklärung der Elektrodenvorgänge bei der kathodischen Polymerisationsanregung von Acrylnitril in Gegenwart quartärer Ammonium- und Phosphoniumsalze wurden die Halbwellenpotentiale der entsprechenden Kationen an der Quecksilbertropfelektrode und an der rotierenden Platinelektrode in Acetonitril als Lösungsmittel in Gegenwart und Abwesenheit von Acrylnitril gemessen. Die Zugabe von Acrylnitril verändert weder die Lage noch die Höhe der Reduktionsstufe der Salze. Die Reduktionspotentiale der untersuchten Phosphonium- und Ammoniumionen liegen teils bei negativeren, teils bei positiveren Werten als das des Acrylnitrils. Copolymerisationsversuche ergaben, daß die Polymerisation in beiden Fällen nach anionischem Mechanismus verläuft. Reaktionsmechanismen werden für beide Fälle diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 102 (1971), S. 385-388 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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