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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 617-627 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: isotactic polypropylene foams ; supercritical propane solutions ; high surface areas ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crystallization of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) from homogeneous solution in supercritical propane yields open-cell foams of high surface area (120-150 m2/g). Their morphology usually consists of microspheres with a dense core and a porous periphery of radiating fibrils. Pore radii covering the mesopore range (2-50 nm), making their largest contribution at 10-20 nm, were calculated from nitrogen adsorption isotherms. Surface areas of the correct order of magnitude are obtained by assuming that gas adsorption takes place on the surfaces of lamellar crystals. Crystallization of iPP from n-butane and n-heptane generates foams of lower mesoporosity and smaller surface area. These more “liquid-like” solvents do not allow the formation of an open network of mesopores or they promote its collapse upon their removal. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 617-627, 1998
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 33 (1987), S. 1585-1600 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Linear viscoelastic properties are found to be a sensitive measure of flow-induced structural changes in a block copolymer. Styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) with 26% polystyrene (PS) forms a macrostructure in the quiescent state with grains of the order of 1-10 μm. Within each grain, phase separation gives rise to a regular two-phase microstructure with cylindrical PS domains with radius of the order of 200 Å. Large-amplitude oscillatory shear (γ = 4.5) at temperatures between 139 and 181°C was applied to after the grain structure with the objectives of removing the discontinuities at the grain boundaries and of aligning the domains into a continuous ultrastructure. The SBS behaved like a solid (tan δ 〈 1 at low ω) before and like a liquid (tan δ 〉 1) after shear modification. This change expressed itself in the removal of the long relaxation times from the linear viscoelastic spectrum; the intermediate and low relaxation times were not affected by the shear modification. The viscoelastic spectrum slowly recovered during annealing with recovery times of the order of the longest relaxation time of the quiescent structure. Birefringence studies showed that the SBS did not recover into its original grain structure but into a highly oriented domain structure. The discontinuities at the grain boundaries could not be removed completely.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 451-459 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Reaction of methylenedianiline and maleic anhydride in acetone, followed by cyclodehydration in the presence of acetic anhydride and 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane as a catalyst, affords a mixture of compounds, Desbimid, with maleimide, isomaleimide, and acetamide groups. Dissolution of this mixture in styrene and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate results in clear liquid resins. The viscosity of the formulated resins ranges from 100-1700 mPas at 25°C depending on the concentration of Desbimid. These systems can be processed and cured at ambient temperatures until demoulding and postcured at temperatures up to 200 or 250°C. The flexural modulus, flexural strength, and elongation at break of a number of cured formulations are found between 3500-3800 N/mm2, 90-115 N/mm2, and 2.7-3.5%, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 48 (1961), S. 59-71 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The initiation of the polymerization of styrene, butadiene, isoprene and vinyl ethers by means of alkylaluminum halides is due to the presence of traces of proton-active substances like water, hydrogen halides etc. In the presence of such small traces of proton-active substances the alkylaluminum halides also enables the isomerization of hydrocarbons (heptane-isoheptane).In the cases of the above mentioned monomers, even mixed catalysts of ZIEGLER- and NATTA-type works only if traces of water and hydrogen halides are present. The activity of mixed catalysts is comparable to that of the alkylaluminum halides, but they promote other structures.If exclusion of protons prevented the reaction and if addition of protons started the reaction, it is believed that the above dependence is existing. No such dependence was found for ethylene. In the case of propylene no significant results could be obtained.We try to explain the behavior in assuming two different types of polyreactions. Usually a so-called „Keimtyp“ takes place. The bifunctional monomer is added to the end of the growing chain and within one growing-cycle the bifunctional monomer acts only with one function. This type is existing in a free radical as well as in the free ionic polyreaction. In the „Prägetyp“ (replica-, complex- or insertion-type) the bifunctional monomer reacts with two functions within the growing-cycle. The monomer is inserted at a catalytic center into the growing chain and no free chain-end is formed.
    Notes: Es wurde gefunden, daß Alkylaluminiumchloride dann und nur dann die Polymerisation von Styrol, Isopren, Butadien, Dimethylbutadien und Vinyläther auslösen, wenn für die Anwesenheit sehr geringer Mengen protonenaktiver Substanzen wie H2O, HCl etc. gesorgt wird. Das gleiche gilt für eine den FRIEDEL-CRAFTS-Katalysatoren vergleichbare isomerisierende Wirkung der Alkylaluminiumchloride auf Kohlenwasserstoffe (Heptan).Es wurde gezeigt, daß in den Fällen der oben genannten Monomeren auch Mischkatalysatoren, wie sie z.B. aus TiCl4 und AlR3 oder CoCl2 und AlRCl2 entstehen, dann und nur dann die Polymerisation auslösen, wenn Spuren von H2O oder HCl anwesend sind. Die Mischkatalysatoren zeigen ein den reinen Alkylaluminiumhalogeniden vergleichbares Verhalten, liefern jedoch teilweise andere Strukturen.Der Beweis der Cokatalysatorabhängigkeit wurde in allen Fällen dadurch erbracht, daß bei Ausschluß von Wasser die Polyreaktion unterblieb, bei nachfolgendem Zusatz von Wasser aber eintrat.Beim Äthylen wurde keine solche Cokatalysatorabhängigkeit gefunden. Beim Propylen sind die Befunde unklar.Die cokatalysatorabhängige Polyreaktion wird dem durch monofunktionelle Wachstumsreaktion des Monomeren gekennzeichneten Keimtyp, die cokatalysatorunabhängige Polyreaktion des Äthylens dem durch das bifunktionelle Einwachsen des Monomeren gekennzeichneten Komplex- bzw. Prägetyp zugeordnet.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Ziegler-Natta catalysts ; ansa-metallocene catalyst ; thermoplastic elastomeric poly(propylene) ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Racemic-anti-[ethylidene(1-η5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) (1-η5-indenyl)dimethyltitanium (6) has been synthesized and its molecular structure determined by x-ray diffraction methods. The two Ti=Me(1) and Ti=Me(2) units have bond distances differing by 0.08 Å and their proton NMR resonances are separated by over 1 ppm. Using this compound and methylaluminoxane (MAO) as the activator, at 25°C the 6/MAO catalyst produced polypropylene having crystalline domain with physical crosslinks. The polymers obtained at lower polymerization temperatures are rheologically liquids. The behaviors of this catalyst system resembles closely the previously reported rac-[anti-ethylidene(1-η5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) (1-η5-indenyl)dichlorotitanium (4)/MAO system. The structure of 6 determined here furnishes tangible support for the proposed two-state (isomeric)-switching propagation mechanism. Addition of MAO to 6 causes broadening of the Me(1) resonance in the 1H-NMR spectra, and 6 is decomposed by Ph3C+B(C6F5)-4. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 57 (1995), S. 1409-1417 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes a number of chemical routes for the recycling of sheet-molding compounds (SMC) consisting of glass fibers, filler (calcium carbonate), and an unsaturated polyester-styrene thermoset resin. Treatment of milled SMC with ethanol/potassium hydroxide at 85°C for 48 h ultimately affords a soluble polymeric fraction, consisting of styrene-fumaric acid copolymers. The excess of potassium hydroxide as well as the filler are removed via a neutralization step, which results in a large stream of waste chemicals. Treatment of SMC chips with ethanolamine at 180°C for 48 h gives a reaction mass that can be split into three fractions, viz., the glass fibers, the filler, and a methanol-soluble polymeric residue. The excess of ethanolamine is recovered by distillation at 220°C and reduced pressure. The polymeric fraction consists of terpolymers of styrene, N,N′-di(2-hydroxyethyl)fumaramide and N-2-hydroxyethylmaleimide monomer units, the latter two bearing two and one hydroxyl groups, respectively. The terpolymer shows little solubility in unsaturated polyester, epoxy, or isocyanate resins. The glass fibers and the filler coated with the polymeric fraction can be used as constituents of bulk-molding compounds (BMC). Replacing half of the original amount of glass fibers or filler of a standard BMC formulation by recycled materials does not significantly alter the mechanical properties. Increasing the amount of recyclate results in processing difficulties in the case of the glass fibers or a serious decline of the mechanical properties in the case of the filler/polymer. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 28 (1990), S. 1571-1588 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A rheo-optical apparatus, based on a linear shear rheometer, has been constructed to study the deformation of liquid-crystalline polymers. This apparatus uses optical techniques such as flow birefringence, small-angle light scattering, and optical microscopic image analysis. The rheological responses were simultaneously measured under varying temperatures and deformation conditions. The modified Debye-Bueche equation for scattering, in the nonspherically symmetrical form, was adapted to analyze small-angle light-scattering data. The orientation correlation lengths, determined by this method, reveal the deformation mechanism in nematic melts. Flow birefringence results are in agreement with the proposed mechanism.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 101 (1967), S. 320-336 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The preparation of homopolymers of butadiene in the presence of cobalt and vanadium-containing ZIEGLER-catalysts is reported and the influence of water on the reaction system is investigated. Furthermore, the preparation of copolymers of butadiene with isoprene, 1,3-pentadiene, and styrene in the presence of the catalysts is described and the technical properties of the polymers discussed.While, the homopolymers have a sterically uniform structure, butadiene is sterically less regularly introduced into the copolymers. Only in the case of containing catalysts, butadiene is homo- and co-polymerized in 1,4-trans position.Individual technical properties of the copolymers yet not the properties as a whole are superior to 1,4cis-polybutadiene.
    Notes: Es wird über die Darstellung von Homopolymeren des Butadiens mit Hilfe von kobalt und vanadinhaltigen ZIEGLER-Katalysatoren berichtet und der Einfluß des Wassers im Reaktionssystem untersucht. Ferner werden die Herstellung von Copolymeren des Butadiens mit Isopren, Pentadien- (1,3) und Styrol mit diesen Katalysatoren geschildert und die anwendungstechnischen Eigenschaften der Polymeren besprochen.Während die Homopolymeren einen sterisch weitgehend regelmäßigen Aufbau besitzen, wird das Butadien in den Copolymeren in fast allen Fällen weniger regelmäßig eingebaut. Nur mit vanadinhaltigen Katalysatoren wird Butadien auch in den Copolymeren ausschließ-lich in 1,4-trans-Stellung incorporiert.Die Copolymeren übertreffen zwar in einzelnen anwendungstechnischen Eigenschaften das 1,4-cis-Polybutadien, nicht jedoch in den Gesamteigenschaften.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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